臭氧和高锰酸钾处理微污染水的比较研究

采用静态试验,分别研究了臭氧、高锰酸钾投加量与高锰酸盐指数、浊度、色度去除的关系.试验结果表明,对于低温微污染水源水,臭氧、高锰酸钾预氧化加常规处理能有效地去除有机物.臭氧预投加量为2 mg/L时混凝后高锰酸盐指数、浊度和色度都有较好的去除效果,混凝后去除率分别为24.6%、96.8%和83.3%;高锰酸钾投加量在0.6 mg/L时混凝后高锰酸盐指数去除率为23.6%.但高锰酸钾会引起水中色度升高和锰离子浓度增加.     

Assessment of the Immune Status of Women Working in the Potassium Salt Industry and Their Children

The state of the immune system was studied in the women working at the OAO Uralkalii (Berezniki) and OAO Sil'vinit (Solikamsk), where they were permanently exposed to salts and halite waste, and their children born after at least three years of such exposure. The control group consisted of women who had no occupational contact with salts and halite wastes and of their children. No significant differences between the differential leukocyte counts and immunograms of the women working at the OAO Uralkalii and OAO Sil'vinit and their children were found. The main parameters of the immune system of women and their children both in the first and second groups were within the norm.     

Experimental Investigation of Potassium and Nitrate Dynamics in A Headwater Stream in Mid-Wales

Potassium and nitrate were added experimentally to a small moorland stream in the headwaters of the River Wye, mid-Wales, during summer and winter low-flow conditions. Nutrient losses at three downstream sampling locations were calculated using concentrations of an added bromide tracer to correct for dilution effects. During the summer experiment, approximately 18% of the added nitrate and 58% of the potassium were removed from the stream water between the point of addition and the catchment outlet. During the winter experiment, nitrate depletion was not observed and the added nitrate travelled along the stream at the same rate as the bromide tracer, while approximately 93% of the added potassium passed through the stream but, at a slower rate than the bromide and nitrate. the results show that in-stream processes, probably related to biological activity of macrophytes and microflora, can regulate stream water concentrations of nitrate and potassium in the summer under stable flow conditions. During the winter, no removal of nitrate or potassium was observed but ion exchange processes involving biofilms, Sphagnum and/or stream sediment may explain the temporary retention of potassium within the stream channel. If similar ion exchange processes operate at high flows, they may account for the hysteresis relationship observed between potassium and discharge during storm events in many upland streams.     

全氟辛烷基磺酸钾(PFOS)和纳米氧化锌(Nano-ZnO)复合暴露对斑马鱼下丘脑-垂体-甲状腺轴功能的影响

全氟辛烷基磺酸钾(PFOS)和纳米氧化锌(Nano-Zn O)广泛存在于环境中,但是它们复合暴露对水生生物的潜在毒性机制尚未明确。本文探讨PFOS和Nano-Zn O复合暴露对斑马鱼下丘脑-垂体-甲状腺轴(HPT轴)毒性的影响。将斑马鱼胚胎从孵化开始暴露于PFOS(0.2、0.4、0.8 mg·L~(-1))、Nano-Zn O(6.75、12.5、25 mg·L~(-1))、PFOS+Nano-Zn O(0.2+6.75、0.4+12.5、0.8+25 mg·L~(-1))溶液中15 d后,分析幼鱼的发育毒性,体内的甲状腺激素(甲状腺素(T4)和三碘甲状腺氨酸(T3)含量和与甲状腺有关基因(CRF、TSH、NIS、TG和TPO)的表达情况。结果发现复合暴露组与单独暴露组相比,前者显著诱导了幼鱼的畸形率,降低了幼鱼的存活率,并抑制了幼鱼的体长。复合暴露组显著增加了幼鱼体内T3含量,同时抑制体内T4的含量。与单独暴露组相比,复合暴露组显著诱导了CRF和NIS基因的表达,同时抑制了TSHβ和TG基因的表达。而TPO基因的表达水平在单独和复合暴露组中没有显著差异。本研究首次证明了PFOS和Nano-Zn O复合暴露对斑马鱼幼鱼甲状腺轴的干扰效果并对其进行了机制探讨。     

Keep swimming but stop peeing in the pools

正Swimming is excellent exercise and offers many health benefits.However,the"chlorine smell"in swimming pools may be a turn-off for some people.Although this smell is often thought to be of chlorine,it actually comes from volatile compounds that are produced from unintended reactions between disinfectants(e.g.,chlorine)and organic matter in     

超声波-高锰酸钾降解地下水中硝基苯的机理与效果

采用超声波空化效应与KMn04催化氧化作用,对地下水中硝基苯(NB)的降解效果和作用机理进行了研究,探讨了降解时间、降解温度、硝基苯初始浓度、pH值、溶液中离子强度及KMnO4的浓度等因素对氧化降解NB效果的影响.结果表明,超声空化效应与KMnO4协同氧化作用能有效地降解地下水中NB,反应过程中产生的羟基自由基(HO·)符合自由基作用机理.在pH=3～4、温度20℃、KMnO4质量浓度为1.25mg/L时,反应60min,超声波-KMnO4协同降解地下水中NB的效率可达93.5％.     

药用红花氮,磷,钾吸收与转运规律

药用红花Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ三要素在整个生育期中，主要向该时期生长最活跃的部位运转，以确保其生长发育所需。在植株各器官形成初期，该器官中的Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ含量较高．在植株不同器官中，以叶中的养分含量最高。植株中Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ三要素含量的顺序为：Ｋ＞Ｎ＞Ｐ。药用红花对Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ养分吸收的高峰时期为分枝孕蕾期，占整个生育期的百分率分别为：８３．３％、５５．４％、５２．９％．Ｋ的吸收主要在生育前期和中期，Ｎ和Ｐ在生育后期还有较大的吸收量。每生产５００ｋｇ干花需吸收Ｋ２Ｏ０．８２ｋｇ、Ｎ０．３２ｋｇ、Ｐ２Ｏ５０．１７ｋｇ．Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ养分的转移主要发生在主茎叶和茎，其中以Ｋ的转移率最大．     

β-环糊精增敏催化动力学光度法测定亚硝酸根

在磷酸介质中利用亚硝酸根催化条件下溴酸钾氧化甲基红的褪色反应,建立了β-环糊精（β-CD）增敏催化动力学光度法,对亚硝酸根进行测定。该方法最佳反应条件为：0.05 mol/L甲基红溶液加入量8.0%（φ,下同）,0.1 mol/L溴酸钾溶液加入量12.0%,1.0 mol/L稀磷酸加入量12.0%,0.15 mol/L β-CD溶液加入量16.0%,反应温度40 ℃,反应时间15 min。亚硝酸根测定的线性范围为8.0×10^-6~6.0×10^-4 g/L,线性回归方程的相关系数为0.996 6,检出限为4.0×10^-7 g/L。亚硝酸根的加标回收率为99.0%~102.0%,水样测定结果的相对标准偏差为2.4%~3.2%。加入β-CD后测定亚硝酸根的灵敏度增加了2.5倍。     

附着微生物黄铁矾回流对不同温度酸性硫酸盐体系亚铁氧化及总铁沉淀的强化效果

氧化亚铁硫杆菌(A.ferrooxidans)生物氧化Fe2+与石灰中和相耦合是一种具有发展潜力的酸性矿山废水处理工艺.在Fe2+生物氧化段提高Fe2+氧化与总Fe沉淀效率是调控此类废水高效处理的关键步骤,且该阶段常伴有黄铁矾等次生铁矿物的合成.本研究通过摇瓶实验,在p H约2.50的K2SO4(8 mmol·L-1)-Fe SO4(160 mmol·L-1)-H2O酸性硫酸盐体系中按约3×105cells·m L-1的浓度接入A.ferrooxidans,在15℃和30℃两个温度水平下,探究附着微生物的黄钾铁矾回流对体系Fe2+生物氧化与总Fe沉淀行为的影响.结果表明,15℃条件下培养至144h,体系p H变化至2.40,Fe2+氧化率和总Fe沉淀率分别仅为46.7%和12.2%.当体系接入附着微生物黄钾铁矾10 g·L-1时,体系Fe2+在132h即可完全氧化.144 h时,体系p H降低至2.24,总铁沉淀率为25.3%.30℃条件下体系Fe2+在72 h完全氧化,p H变化至1.89,总Fe沉淀率为34.3%.当体系接入回流的黄钾铁矾10 g·L-1时,体系Fe2+完全氧化时间缩短至60 h,p H降低至1.85,总Fe沉淀率为37.3%.本研究不同处理体系所得次生铁矿物均为黄钾铁矾,附着微生物黄铁矾回流对15℃环境所得黄钾铁矾形貌影响不大,均为粘附紧密、表面光滑的晶体形貌.而30℃环境中,附着微生物黄铁矾回流却使得原本较为分散、晶型棱角明显的黄铁矾晶体结构变得紧密而光滑.本研究结果可为酸性矿山废水处理提供一定的参数支撑.     

有机肥与化肥配施对土壤养分的影响研究

不同有机肥与化肥配施比例都有促进土壤养分含量的作用,土壤中有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量均随有机肥在肥料中比例的增加而增加,增幅分别为1.04％～63.49％、5.57％～24.50％、28.65％～48.42％、16.7％ ～ 28.65％.有机肥与化肥配施能够明显改善土壤理化性质,降低土壤pH值和土壤容重,提高土壤总孔隙度,提高土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾的含量,表明有机肥与化肥配施对土壤养分的提高效果明显,并明显高于单施化肥和不施肥.综合分析,有机肥与化肥配施比例为7∶3是值得推广应用的优化方案.