农业废弃物基生物炭对水溶液中镉的吸附效果与机制

以畜禽粪便（牛粪、鸡粪、猪粪）为原料分别在300℃和700℃下制备生物炭,以作物秸秆（小麦秸秆、水稻秸秆、玉米秸秆）为原料分别在300℃和500℃下制备生物炭,利用比表面积和孔径分析仪、扫描电镜、傅里叶红外光谱仪、X射线衍射仪和CHN分析仪等对农业废弃物基生物炭的理化性质、表面结构和元素组成进行表征,研究生物炭理化性质差异和其对镉吸附效果和机制.结果表明,不同农业废弃物基生物炭对Cd²⁺的等温吸附符合Langmiur方程,拟合结果发现随着热解温度的升高,牛粪、鸡粪和猪粪基生物炭对Cd²⁺的最大吸附量分别从83.40、19.65和96.74 mg·g^-1增加至106.54、 268.89和164.53 mg·g^-1;而不同热解温度下制备的秸秆基生物炭对Cd²⁺的最大吸附量差异不显著.农业废弃物基生物炭呈碱性,除牛粪生物炭外,灰分含量随热解温度上升而增加.随着热解温度的上升,生物炭孔隙结构变丰富,含氧官能团增加,出现芳香结构.通过定量分析,发现生物炭Cd²⁺总...     

宁夏养鸡场粪污和周边土壤中抗生素及抗生素抗性基因分布特征

畜禽粪便中的抗生素及其抗性基因（ARGs）具有潜在的生态风险.为揭示宁夏养鸡场鸡粪和养殖场周边土壤中抗生素和ARGs的分布特征,以宁夏12家不同规模蛋鸡养殖场中鸡粪、周边及施用鸡粪的土壤为研究对象,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法和高通量荧光定量法进行调查研究.结果表明：①鸡粪中四环素类、氨基糖苷类和磺胺类是优势抗生素.不同养殖期鸡粪中抗生素种类和含量不同,育雏期抗生素种类较多和平均含量较高,初产期相反.②周边土壤中仅距离养鸡场20 m处检测到少量抗生素,养殖场对周边土壤中抗生素的分布影响较小;施用鸡粪的土壤中喹诺酮类抗生素含量明显增加.③鸡粪中共检测到ARGs亚型132~168种,主要是氨基糖苷类和四环素类ARGs.育成期ARGs数目最多,初产期最少;育雏期各类ARGs总丰度最高,终产期相反.所有养殖期鸡粪中共存ARGs有110种.④养鸡场周边及施用鸡粪的土壤中共检测到ARGs亚型23~105种,其中氨基糖苷类ARGs数目最多,其次是多药类.养殖场周边土壤中ARGs数目和相对丰度随距养殖场距离的增加而逐渐减少;施用鸡粪的土壤中ARGs数目和相对丰度都明显增高,但低于距离养殖场20 m的土壤.⑤鸡粪中β-内酰胺酶类、氨基糖苷类和大环内酯类-林肯酰胺类-链阳性菌素B类（MLSB） ARGs都存在水平移动风险;土壤中氯霉素类ARGs存在水平移动风险.鸡粪中ARGs与其对应抗生素含量间相关性不显著.⑥不同类型ARGs之间具有相关的共现性：鸡粪中氨基糖苷类ARGs相对丰度与β-内酰胺酶类和可移动元件（MGEs）、多药类与万古霉素类等均呈显著正相关;土壤中氨基糖苷类ARGs相对丰度与四环素类、万古霉素类、磺胺类和MLSB类、四环素类与MLSB类等呈极显著正相关.土壤中各类ARGs相对丰度间的共现性明显强于鸡粪.本研究可为养鸡场选址、蛋鸡规模化养殖抗生素种类及剂量的选择和鸡粪施用提供理论依据.     

畜禽有机肥对典型蔬果地土壤剖面重金属与抗生素分布的影响

采集不同类型的畜禽有机肥及施用后的土壤,测定其重金属浓度,同时利用超声波提取-SPE—LC／MS／MS方法分析土壤中14种抗生素的污染特征,研究长期施用畜禽有机肥对典型蔬果地土壤剖面重金属与抗生素分布的影响。结果表明,猪粪、羊粪、鸡粪3种畜禽有机肥中最易造成土壤污染的是猪粪,Cu、Zn和Cd含量分别为197．0、947．0和1．35mg·kg-1。不同土地利用方式下,施用有机肥均使重金属在土壤剖面呈现表聚现象,以设施菜地最为突出,Zn和Cd积累明显,0—20cm土层含量分别为203和0．48mg·kg-1。不同土地利用方式下,14种抗生素的含量与组成在土壤剖面上存在明显分异,随土层深度增加含量迅速下降,但在〉80～100cm土层仍有检出;设施菜地表层土壤抗生素含量为39．5μg·kg-1,积累和残留明显高于林地和果园,特别是四环素类和氟喹诺酮类,含量分别为34．3和4．75μg·kg-1。可见,农田土壤长期大量施用畜禽有机肥可引起重金属和抗生素的复合污染,具潜在生态风险。     

畜禽养殖场污染状况监测与评价

对河南省三个有代表性的规模化养殖场污染物排放及其对周围环境的影响进行了调查、监测及评价,结果表明,畜禽养殖污染已成为农业面源污染的重要来源,对其周围地表水和地下水产生较大影响。     

Short chain nitrocompounds as a treatment of layer hen manure and litter; effects on in vitro survivability of Salmonella,generic E. coli and nitrogen metabolism

The current study was conducted to assess the bactericidal effectiveness of several nitrocompounds against pathogens in layer hen manure and litter. Evidence from an initial study indicated that treatment of layer hen manure with 12 mM nitroethane decreased populations of generic E. coli and total coliforms by 0.7 and 2.2 log₁₀ colony forming units (CFU) g^?1, respectively, after 24 h aerobic incubation at ambient temperature when compared to untreated populations. Salmonella concentrations were unaffected by nitroethane in this study. In a follow-up experiment, treatment of 6-month-old layer hen litter (mixed with 0.4 mL water g^?1) with 44 mM 2-nitroethanol, 2-nitropropanol or ethyl nitroacetate decreased an inoculated Salmonella typhimurium strain from its initial concentration (3 log₁₀ CFU g^?1) by 0.7 to 1.7 log₁₀ CFU g^?1 after 6 h incubation at 37°C in covered containers. After 24 h incubation, populations of the inoculated S. Typhmiurium in litter treated with 44 mM 2-nitroethanol, 2-nitropropanol, ethyl nitroacetate or nitroethane were decreased more than 3.2 log₁₀ CFU g^?1 compared to populations in untreated control litter. Treatment of litter with 44 mM 2-nitroethanol, 2-nitropropanol, ethyl nitroacetate decreased rates of ammonia accumulation more than 70% compared to untreated controls (0.167 µmol mL^?1 h^?1) and loses of uric acid (< 1 µmol mL^?1) were observed only in litter treated with 44 mM 2-nitropropanol, indicating that some of these nitrocompounds may help prevent loss of nitrogen in treated litter. Results warrant further research to determine if these nitrocompounds can be developed into an environmentally sustainable and safe strategy to eliminate pathogens from poultry litter, while preserving its nitrogen content as a nutritionally valuable crude protein source for ruminants.     

Vegetative buffers for fan emissions from poultry farms: 1. temperature and foliar nitrogen

This study sought to evaluate the potential of trees planted around commercial poultry farms to trap ammonia (NH₃), the gas of greatest environmental concern to the poultry industry. Four plant species (Norway spruce, Spike hybrid poplar, Streamco willow, and hybrid willow) were planted on eight commercial farms from 2003 to 2004. Because temperature (T) can be a stressor for trees, T was monitored in 2005 with data loggers among the trees in front of the exhaust fans (11.4 to 17.7 m) and at a control distance away from the fans (48 m) during all four seasons in Pennsylvania. Norway spruce (Picea abies) foliage samples were taken in August 2005 from one turkey and two layer farms for dry matter (DM) and nitrogen (N) analysis. The two layer farms had both Norway spruce and Spike hybrid poplar (Populus deltoides × Populus nigra) plantings sampled as well allowing comparisons of species and the effect of plant location near the fans versus a control distance away. Proximity to the fans had a clear effect on spruce foliar N with greater concentrations downwind of the fans than at control distances (3.03 vs. 1.88%; P ≤ 0.0005). Plant location was again a significant factor for foliar N of both poplar and spruce on the two farms with both species showing greater N adjacent to the fans compared to the controls (3.75 vs. 2.32%; P ≤ 0.0001). Pooled foliar DM of both plants was also greater among those near the fans (56.17, fan vs. 44.67%, control; P ≤ 0.005). Species differences were also significant showing the potential of poplar to retain greater foliar N than spruce (3.52 vs. 2.55%; P ≤ 0.001) with less DM (46.00 vs. 54.83%; P ≤ 0.05) in a vegetative buffer setting. The results indicated plants were not stressed by the T near exhaust fans with mean seasonal T (13.04 vs. 13.03°C, respectively) not significantly different from controls. This suggested poultry house exhaust air among the trees near the fans would not result in dormancy stressors on the plants compared to controls away from the fans.     

Vegetative buffers for fan emissions from poultry farms: 2. ammonia,dust and foliar nitrogen

This study evaluated the potential of trees planted around commercial poultry farms to trap ammonia (NH₃) and dust or particulate matter (PM). Norway spruce, Spike hybrid poplar, hybrid willow, and Streamco purpleosier willow were planted on five commercial farms from 2003 to 2004. Plant foliage was sampled in front of the exhaust fans and at a control distance away from the fans on one turkey, two laying hen, and two broiler chicken farms between June and July 2006. Samples were analyzed for dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N), and PM content. In addition, NH₃ concentrations were measured downwind of the exhaust fans among the trees and at a control distance using NH₃ passive dosi–tubes. Foliage samples were taken and analyzed separately based on plant species. The two layer farms had both spruce and poplar plantings whereas the two broiler farms had hybrid willow and Streamco willow plantings which allowed sampling and species comparisons with the effect of plant location (control vs. fan). The results showed that NH₃ concentration h^{? 1} was reduced by distance from housing fans (P ≤ 0.0001), especially between 0 m (12.01 ppm), 11.4 m (2.59 ppm), 15 m (2.03 ppm), and 30 m (0.31 ppm). Foliar N of plants near the fans was greater than those sampled away from the fans for poplar (3.87 vs. 2.56%; P ≤ 0.0005) and hybrid willow (3.41 vs. 3.02%; P ≤ 0.05). The trends for foliar N in spruce (1.91 vs. 1.77%; P = 0.26) and Streamco willow (3.85 vs. 3.33; P = 0.07) were not significant. Pooling results of the four plant species indicated greater N concentration from foliage sampled near the fans than of that away from the fans (3.27 vs. 2.67%; P ≤ 0.0001). Foliar DM concentration was not affected by plant location, and when pooled the foliar DM of the four plant species near the fans was 51.3% in comparison with 48.5% at a control distance. There was a significant effect of plant location on foliar N and DM on the two layer farms with greater N and DM adjacent to fans than at a control distance (2.95 vs. 2.15% N and 45.4 vs. 38.2% DM, respectively). There were also significant plant species effects on foliar N and DM with poplar retaining greater N (3.22 vs. 1.88%) and DM (43.7 vs. 39.9%) than spruce. The interaction of location by species (P ≤ 0.005) indicated that poplar was more responsive in terms of foliar N, but less responsive for DM than spruce. The effect of location and species on foliar N and DM were not clear among the two willow species on the broiler farms. Plant location had no effect on plant foliar PM weight, but plant species significantly influenced the ability of the plant foliage to trap PM with spruce and hybrid willow showing greater potential than poplar and Streamco willow for PM_2.5(0.0054, 0.0054, 0.0005, and 0.0016 mg cm^{? 2}; P ≤ 0.05) and total PM (0.0309, 0.0102, 0.0038, and 0.0046 mg cm^{? 2}, respectively; P ≤ 0.001). Spruce trapped more dust compared to the other three species (hybrid willow, poplar, and Streamco willow) for PM₁₀ (0.0248 vs. 0.0036 mg cm^{? 2}; P ≤ 0.0001) and PM_{> 10} (0.0033 vs. 0.0003 mg cm^{? 2}; P = 0.052). This study indicates that poplar, hybrid willow, and Streamco willow are appropriate species to absorb poultry house aerial NH₃–N, whereas spruce and hybrid willow are effective traps for dust and its associated odors.     

宝应县畜禽养殖业的现状调研及污染防治对策

调查了宝应县畜禽养殖业的发展现状及分布情况,阐述了该县畜禽养殖业的污染防治状况,分析了污染防治中存在的主要问题,并提出了当地畜禽养殖业污染防治的基本思路和治理措施,对贯彻落实防治措施提出了建议。     

Numerical study of regional environmental carrying capacity for livestock and poultry farming based on planting-breeding balance

In consideration of the need to maintain planting-breeding balance, this article examines the capacity of the soil in Putian City, Fujian Province to absorb livestock and poultry excreta, and computes the environmental carrying capacity for livestock and poultry farming (ECCLPF) in each district of the city in terms of the fertility characteristics of the soil in the city, as well as its mix of crops cultivated and farming methods. On the basis of the computations, this work proceeds to classify the alarm grades of the city’s environmental carrying capacity for livestock and poultry framing, and assess the environmental impact of the livestock and poultry farming industry. The results of our study indicate that, the city’s ECCLPF ranges from 8.27 to 23.23 heads per ha when computed on the basis of nitrogen, and from 5.79 to 24.53 heads per ha when computed on the basis of phosphorus. A comparison between our research findings and the existing farming scale in Putian reveals that, in certain parts of the city, ECCLPF is overburdened to varying degrees. Specifically, Chengxiang District is severely overburdened, Hanjiang District and Meizhou Island have a level of overburdening between virtual overburdening and significant overburdening, Licheng District is virtually overburdened, and Xiuyu, Xianyou, and Bei’an Districts have not exceeded their environmental carrying capacity and therefore have varying levels of potential for growth.     

蟒蛇河水源保护区畜禽养殖污染分析及对策

在对盐城市盐都区畜禽养殖业污染源调查的基础上,介绍了蟒蛇河水源保护区内畜禽养殖业的现状,分析了畜禽养殖对环境的危害以及污染环境的原因,提出防治畜禽养殖污染的对策。