规模化畜禽养殖对环境的污染及防治策略

针对我国规模化、集约化畜禽养殖迅速发展现状 ,介绍了规模化畜禽养殖场对环境的污染状况 ,从而分析造成污染的原因 ,提出了减轻污染、改善环境的综合防治措施     

Production of bio-fertilizer by biotransformation of poultry waste enriched with molasses and algae

This research work consists on valorizing poultry waste by biotransformation into biofertilizers, associating this agro-industrial waste with algae (abundant natural resources) and molasses (a by-product of the sugar refining industry) ensuring a good contribution of nutritional chemical elements and obtaining a balanced formulation. A total of seven different formulations of the above three components, were examined in a simplex centroid design. A fungal inoculum of Aspergillus niger was used as a fermentation agent for better quality of biotransformation. The monitoring of this biotransformation is ensured during 15 days by following the evolution of physicochemical and microbiological parameters and, to understand the bioconversion of the simple compounds of the biofertilizer mixture such as short aliphatic chains, sugar, and amino acids into soluble mineral compounds, a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis was carried out before and after biotransformation. Finally, germination and fertilization tests were performed to evaluate the efficiency of the final product on a barley crop. The overall results of the present study showed that the mixture which contained 68.75% poultry waste, 12.5% molasses, and 18.75% algae presented the better microbiological and chemical safety criteria required for a good biofertilizer according to NF U44-551 standard.     

农业污染减排指标体系初步构建

控制和削减农业污染物排放总量是国家环境保护"十二五"规划的重点工作之一,但现行的环境管理及产排污量削减与控制技术中还没有完整的农业污染减排的指标体系。该文阐述了构建农业污染减排指标体系的基本原则和方法,综合考虑不同农业生产类型污染物产排过程的特点,从种植业、畜禽养殖业和水产养殖业3个方面初步构建农业污染减排指标体系,以期为研究农业主要污染物减排核算体系的关键参数和制定减排核算技术方法提供基础性技术支持。基于当前农业污染减排实施中可能存在的问题,对指标体系的进一步完善提出了相关建议。     

流域畜禽养殖排污许可方案设计——以柘溪水库为例

排污许可作为一种有效的环境管理制度,对固定点源特别是流域规模化畜禽养殖场污染物排放具有一定的制约作用。以柘溪水库为例,以流域畜禽养殖总氮排放为研究对象,在小流域尺度上核算水环境容量及畜禽养殖总氮污染物排放负荷,结合不同行业类别污染物排放贡献率,确定流域水环境容量与畜禽总氮排放量之间的响应关系。并根据不同流域规模化畜禽养殖水环境容量,确定污染物排放限值及各流域排污许可设计方案,提出不同水环境容量目标下畜禽养殖污染治理与管控措施。     

Assessment of polychlorobiphenyls in human/poultry fat and in hair/plumage from a contaminated area

HR gas chromatographic PCB patterns in human/poultry fat tissue and hair/plumage in samples from a polluted region of Bela Krajina /Slovenia/ were investigated. The concentration of PCBs in human adipose tissue was found to be 9.62 μg/g in comparison to 0.67 μg/g in the adipose tissue of the non-exposed population, and in poultry fat 12.80 μg/g on a fat basis. The corresponding values in human hair and poultry plumage were 0.90 μg/g and 0.20 μg/g of original weight. The difference in PCB patterns between fat and hair can be attributed to the different routes of contamination (ingestion, air transport), to the time of exposure and physicochemical properties (octanol- water partition coefficients, Henry's law constants and the metabolism) of some individual congeners. Hair could be used for the assessment of ingestion of contaminated food and of the PCB levels in the air. In fat tissue PCB congeners with higher metabolic stability are enriched, whereas in hair PCB congeners with higher concentrations in air and with high octanol- water partition coefficients predominate.     

以沼气为纽带的生物循环生态模式研究

介绍了仪征市久闻农业科技示范园以沼气为纽带,通过沼气、沼液、沼渣的综合利用,形成了以“鸭粪喂猪、猪粪产沼、沼气育雏、沼液养鱼、沼渣肥林（菜）”为主的“鸭-猪-沼-鱼（林、菜）”循环生态模式,并完善了相应的配套技术。该模式的应用,使得畜禽生产的粪便污水等污染物得到了有效处理和利用,改变了园区的卫生状况,改善了生态环境;实现了资源的高效合理循环,减少了企业生产生活过程中燃料、肥料、饲料等投入,降低了生产成本,取得了较好的经济效益。     

Short chain nitrocompounds as a treatment of layer hen manure and litter; effects on in vitro survivability of Salmonella,generic E. coli and nitrogen metabolism

The current study was conducted to assess the bactericidal effectiveness of several nitrocompounds against pathogens in layer hen manure and litter. Evidence from an initial study indicated that treatment of layer hen manure with 12 mM nitroethane decreased populations of generic E. coli and total coliforms by 0.7 and 2.2 log₁₀ colony forming units (CFU) g^?1, respectively, after 24 h aerobic incubation at ambient temperature when compared to untreated populations. Salmonella concentrations were unaffected by nitroethane in this study. In a follow-up experiment, treatment of 6-month-old layer hen litter (mixed with 0.4 mL water g^?1) with 44 mM 2-nitroethanol, 2-nitropropanol or ethyl nitroacetate decreased an inoculated Salmonella typhimurium strain from its initial concentration (3 log₁₀ CFU g^?1) by 0.7 to 1.7 log₁₀ CFU g^?1 after 6 h incubation at 37°C in covered containers. After 24 h incubation, populations of the inoculated S. Typhmiurium in litter treated with 44 mM 2-nitroethanol, 2-nitropropanol, ethyl nitroacetate or nitroethane were decreased more than 3.2 log₁₀ CFU g^?1 compared to populations in untreated control litter. Treatment of litter with 44 mM 2-nitroethanol, 2-nitropropanol, ethyl nitroacetate decreased rates of ammonia accumulation more than 70% compared to untreated controls (0.167 µmol mL^?1 h^?1) and loses of uric acid (< 1 µmol mL^?1) were observed only in litter treated with 44 mM 2-nitropropanol, indicating that some of these nitrocompounds may help prevent loss of nitrogen in treated litter. Results warrant further research to determine if these nitrocompounds can be developed into an environmentally sustainable and safe strategy to eliminate pathogens from poultry litter, while preserving its nitrogen content as a nutritionally valuable crude protein source for ruminants.     

高氨氮养猪场废水治理工程实践研究

以畜禽养殖废水综合治理为目的,结合某养殖有限责任公司治理工程实践,采用干清粪工艺,将收集的猪粪和固液分离后的粪渣等加工成有机肥料,猪尿及冲洗水通过污水处理系统后达标排放,厌氧产生的沼气通过净化脱硫后用于养猪场内沼气发电机组发电.处理后水质:COD<100 mg/l,BOD5 <20 mg/l,SS<70 mg/l,NH3 -N<15 mg/l,TP<0.5 mg/l,达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8987-1996)的一级排放标准,严于《畜禽养殖业污染物排放标准》( GB 18596-2001);工程运行稳定,资源效益、社会效益显著.     

循环经济理念下畜禽废弃物的资源化

运用循环经济理论,针对畜禽排泄物治理和科学利用,提出了畜禽粪便减量化、资源化措施。畜禽粪便作为新的资源在降低自然资源消耗的同时,给农业经济增长提供了有力的支撑。在循环经济模式下,人、畜禽养殖与生态环境之间互动影响已不再是破坏生态环境、限制经济发展的障碍,而是表现为一种社会、经济和环境"共赢"的有利局面。     

辽宁省畜禽养殖业抗生素排放特征及减排路径分析

抗生素作为新兴环境污染物,已成为国内外研究的热点问题.以磺胺类和四环素类抗生素为研究对象,运用物质流分析方法,对辽宁省畜禽养殖业抗生素的排放特征进行系统分析,并通过情景分析法对各减排路径进行了比较分析.结果表明:2017年辽宁省畜禽养殖业两类抗生素的消耗总量为712 t,排放总量为280 t;排泄物中的抗生素有39.3...