启东市畜禽养殖污染调查及防治对策思考

根据启东市第一次全国污染源普查数据,对启东市畜禽养殖污染的现状和成因进行了深入分析,并提出了对畜禽养殖污染防治的对策思考。     

土壤生物过滤去除畜禽养殖臭气

研究土壤生物过滤去除畜禽养殖臭气,旨在为土壤生物滤体除臭装置主要结构参数和运行参数及其优化配置提供依据。建立能同时进行多个处理的生物过滤除臭实验装置,分析影响土壤生物过滤法除臭效果的环境因子。结果表明,活性滤料组合草腐土75%,珍珠岩20%,黑炭5%,滤层高度1 000 mm,滤料表面负荷18 m3/(m2.h),滤料湿度55%的条件下,主要恶臭气体和温室气体释放物NH3、CH4、H2S和CO2去除率>95%,CO和NO2去除率>85%,与畜禽臭气共同扩散的总挥发性有机物(TVOC)、可吸入颗粒物(PM10)和总悬浮物(TSP)去除率>95%,系统排出气体的臭气浓度7.5～8.0,均符合达标排放要求。系统加湿策略应控制滤料湿度(52±3)%,不会出现气道"短路"现象,除臭效果稳定。     

浅谈循环经济与畜禽粪便资源化

我国畜禽养殖业发展迅速,但由于相关政策脱节、缺乏合理规划与布局、技术研究落后等原因,畜禽废弃物未经有效处理直接排入环境中,造成毒化水源、污染大气、传播病菌、危害农田等一系列危害.运用循环经济理论指导畜禽粪便环境污染治理,使其实现减量化、资源化、无害化,具有很大的经济效益和环境效益.     

畜禽粪便有机肥中Cu、Zn在水稻土中的有效性动态变化和形态归趋

通过温室土壤培养试验,研究了不同畜禽粪便有机肥中Cu、Zn在水稻土中有效性动态变化过程和形态归趋,为科学评价畜禽粪便有机肥中重金属进入稻田后的生态风险提供理论依据.试验结果表明,施用畜禽粪便有机肥12个月后,水稻土p H提高了0.4~0.9.施用鸡粪降低了水稻土中有效态Cu含量,而猪粪的施用增加了水稻土中有效态Cu含量.水稻土中有效态Zn含量随畜禽粪便有机肥施用量的增加而增加.与重金属无机盐相比,鸡粪处理中Cu的有效性低于等量无机盐处理,猪粪处理中Cu、Zn和鸡粪处理中Zn的有效性与等量无机盐处理相同.形态归趋过程研究结果表明,畜禽粪便有机肥带入到水稻土中Cu、Zn的量较低时,Cu在有机质结合态中有显著的积累,Zn则在碳酸盐结合态中有显著的积累;带入的Cu、Zn的量较高时,Cu、Zn在各个形态中均有积累;无机盐带入水稻土的Cu、Zn在交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态和有机结合态中均有积累.畜禽粪便有机肥带入的Cu、Zn积累在有机结合态中的量与等量无机盐处理无显著差异.培养12个月时,有机肥处理的交换态Cu含量均显著高于等量无机盐处理,表明畜禽粪便有机肥中Cu的潜在有效性更高.     

NUTRIENT AND β17‐ESTRADIOL LOSS IN RUNOFF WATER FROM POULTRY LITTERS1

ABSTRACT: A main water quality concern is accelerated eutrophication of fresh waters from nonpoint source pollution, particularly nutrient transport in surface runoff from agricultural areas and confined animal feeding operations. This study examined nutrient and β₁₇‐estradiol concentrations in runoff from small plots where six poultry litters were applied at a rate of about 67 kg/ha of total phosphorus (TP). The six poultry litter treatments included pelleted compost, pelleted litter, raw litter, alum (treated) litter, pelleted alum litter, and normal litter (no alum). Four replicates of the six poultry litter treatments and a control (plots without poultry litter application) were used in this study. Rainfall simulations at intensity of 50 mm/hr were conducted immediately following poultry litter application to the plots and again 30 days later. Composite runoff samples were analyzed for soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), ammonia (NH₄), nitrate (NO₃), TP, total nitrogen (TN) and β₁₇‐estradiol concentrations. In general, poultry litter applications increased nutrient and β₁₇‐estradiol concentrations in runoff water. Ammonia and P concentrations in runoff water from the first simulation were correlated to application rates of water extractable NH₄ (R²= 0.70) and P (R²= 0.68) in the manure. Results suggest that alum applications to poultry litter in houses in between flocks is an effective best management practice for reducing phosphorus (P) and β₁₇‐estradiol concentrations in runoff and that pelleted poultry litters may increase the potential for P and β₁₇‐estradiol loss in runoff water. Inferences regarding pelleted poultry litters should be viewed cautiously, because the environmental consequence of pelleting poultry litters needs additional investigation.     

畜禽养殖污染防治典型工程的综合效益评价

通过对我国畜禽养殖污染防治工程建设现状的调查和分析,拟定了我国畜禽养殖污染防治工程的评价指标体系,采用层次分析与灰色关联度分析相结合的综合评价方法,对国内的8个典型工程的综合效益进行了评价。评价结果表明,规模化及综合性的养殖污染防治工程可获得较好的综合效益,而在养殖污染防治中采用单一的沼气化处理,由于其经济性较差,目前尚不能获得较好的综合效益。     

声誉诉求对农户亲环境行为的影响研究——以家禽养殖户污染物处理方式选择为例

面临严峻的农村面源污染形势,政府现行的"自上而下"的治理模式无法实现有效监督。构建自主治理制度,激励农户践行亲环境行为,将成为未来解决农村环境问题的路径选择之一。如何有效规范农户污染处理行为,成为目前亟待解决的问题。文章基于声誉理论构建理论分析模型,从微观层面分析了在农村"熟人社会"场域下,农户声誉诉求对其亲环境行为的影响机制。以农户家禽养殖污染处理行为为例,利用全国8个省330户家禽养殖户的调查数据,通过4个指标测度了农户社会声誉诉求的强弱,并通过主成分分析和加权平均方法分别构建了农户声誉诉求的综合指数。在此基础上,应用Probit计量经济模型,实证检验了声誉诉求对养殖户污染物废弃行为存在抑制作用的假说,并比较了现行政府规制措施的实施效果。实证研究结果表明:1农户声誉诉求对其亲环境行为存在显著的促进作用;2政府引导对养殖户污染物废弃的抑制作用显著,而政府管制措施却未表现出显著影响。基于此,本文得出如下结论:第一,个人对声誉关注程度越高,违反社会准则的成本就越高,个人就有越强的动机遵守社会规范、自我约束污染物废弃行为。"熟人社会"的农村社区中存在较强的社会规制作用和社区成员参与公共环境自觉维护的激励机制。第二,在强制性环境管制难以有效实现的农村环境下,政府通过引导和宣传诱致农户自觉践行亲环境行为,构建环境自我监督机制,或可成为农村环境治理的有效途径。强化社区成员声誉效用和社会责任意识可成为乡村环境治理相关法律和公共管理制度建设的重要补充。     

Reducing ammonia gas from chicken manure with lime and soybean plants

This research is aimed at addressing the complaints of local people living near chicken farms who are disturbed by odors caused by livestock activities, and specifically, by the generation of ammonia gas from chicken manure. Methods that are expected to reduce the intensity of ammonia gas odors include both scattering lime on the surface of the soil and planting soybeans around the cages. The results obtained showed a reduction in the levels of ammonia gas by 57.48%–from 1.67 parts per million (ppm) near an untreated cage to 0.71 ppm near the cage that achieved the best results. The study found that spreading lime evenly over the chicken manure was the most effective method that farmers could use to reduce ammonia odors. The sample area treated by the addition of soybean plants showed a reduction in the levels of ammonia gas from 1.67 to 0.78 ppm.     

湖北省畜禽养殖污染现状及总量控制

通过畜禽产排污系数以及2011年湖北省的统计数据,估算出湖北省2011年畜禽养殖业畜禽粪便总量及COD、氮、磷的产生量,分析了污染物对环境污染的情况,并对湖北省畜禽养殖的环境容量和污染风险进行了初步评估。结果表明,2011年湖北省畜禽的粪便总量为8 479.8万t,主要分布在襄阳市、黄冈市、孝感市。全省粪便耕地负荷为16.2 t/hm~2/a,警报值为0.54,分级级数为II,对环境构成污染的威胁为"稍有"。全省氮、磷的耕地负荷分别为157.9 kg/hm~2/a、24.5 kg/hm~2/a,其中,鄂州市、黄冈市均超过欧盟限量标准(氮170 kg/hm~2/a、磷35 kg/hm~2/a)。2011年湖北省的实际养殖总量分别为7 868.5万头猪当量(N)、9 725.3万头猪当量(P),都超过畜禽50%环境容量(为4 599.4万头猪当量(N),7 161.1万头猪当量(P)。除了荆州市外,其他大部分地区的实际养殖数量都超过50%环境容量,这些地区应该严格控制畜禽的养殖数量并同时做好污染物消减措施。     

畜禽养殖场污染状况监测与评价

对河南省三个有代表性的规模化养殖场污染物排放及其对周围环境的影响进行了调查、监测及评价,结果表明,畜禽养殖污染已成为农业面源污染的重要来源,对其周围地表水和地下水产生较大影响。