氯化钠粉末对镁粉爆炸猛度的影响研究

通过对固体惰性介质在减轻镁粉爆炸作用的实验研究,给出影响固体惰化剂作用效果的主要影响因素。实验分别选用3种不同粒径的镁粉样品,并选取氯化钠粉末作为固体惰化介质,用20L球形爆炸测试装置进行实验,测定镁粉中加入不同含量的氯化钠粉未后镁粉爆炸的最大爆炸压力和最大压力上升速率值。结果表明：氯化钠粉末能够起到减轻镁粉爆炸影响的作用,并且随着镁粉粒度的减小,要达到相同的抑爆效果需要的氯化钠粉末的用量将加大。     

废线路板粉末中二噁英含量的测定

采用加速溶剂萃取-柱层析-高分辨质谱法检测废线路板粉末样品中17种2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs的含量。采用TRDIOXIN-5MS毛细管色谱柱(60 m×0.25 mm×0.25μm)进行分离和多离子检测(MID)模式进行检测,以保留时间和同位素特征离子丰度比进行定性,用13C标记同位素稀释内标法进行定量。结果表明,17种2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs化合物的标准曲线的线性相关性良好,线性相关系数均大于0.999 9,该方法分析的提取内标的平均回收率范围为37.25%~82.75%,RSD8%,样品中各异构体的加标回收率为112.66%~124.26%,RSD7%。应用该方法检测废线路板粉末样品,回收率在58.67%~123.00%范围内,1,2,3,4,6,7,8-Hp CDF、1,2,3,4,6,7,8-Hp CDD、OCDF、OCDD的质量比分别为2.74、2.50、5.57、16.37 pg/g,TEQ分别为0.027 4、0.025 0、0.005 6、0.016 4 ng/kg。     

工业粉体下落过程粉尘排放特性的实验研究

根据与维也纳工业大学化学工程研究所共同确定的实验方案,在实验室开发并设计了一套自由下落装置,研究粉体下落过程中粉尘的排放特性。通过实验主要测定下落高度、空气湿度和质量流量对粉尘排放的影响。实验结果表明,下落高度和空气湿度对粉尘排放均有影响,且空气湿度对粗粒子的排放影响较大,对细粒子影响较小;随着质量流量的增加,粉尘产生率逐渐减小,但质量流量的增加也会增加粉尘浓度,加重了对工人的危害。建立了影响因素与粉尘产生率之间的数学模型,经检验,二者之间存在显著相关,实测值与理论计算值基本一致,可以应用已建立的数学模型定量评价粉尘产生量。     

纳米粉体抑制矿井瓦斯爆炸的实验研究

针对目前粉体抑爆剂抑制矿井瓦斯爆炸的局限性,采用自主改进的20 L近球型瓦斯抑爆实验系统进行纳米粉体的抑爆实验。其结果表明:同微米级粉体相比,纳米粉体的抑爆效果更好,甲烷最大爆炸压力、压力上升平均速率分别下降了70.5%和90%以上,爆炸压力峰值时间延长了3倍多;依据纳米粉体表面效应理论,从对爆炸过程中自由基的抑制作用分析了纳米粉体特殊的阻燃抑爆作用,并对纳米粉体及相关技术抑爆进行了展望。     

Adsorption of methylene blue from aqueous solution by jackfruit (Artocarpus heteropyllus) leaf powder: A fixed-bed column study

Continuous fixed-bed studies were undertaken to evaluate the efficiency of jackfruit leaf powder (JLP) as an adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution under the effect of various process parameters like bed depth (5–10 cm), flow rate (30–50 mL/min) and initial MB concentrations (100–300 mg/L). The pH at point of zero charge (pH_PZC) of the adsorbent was determined by the titration method and a value of 3.9 was obtained. A FTIR of the adsorbent was done before and after the adsorption to find the potential adsorption sites for interaction with methylene blue molecules. The results showed that the total adsorbed quantities and equilibrium uptake decreased with increasing flow rate and increased with increasing initial MB concentration. The longest breakthrough time and maximum MB adsorption were obtained at pH 10. The results showed that the column performed well at low flow rate. Also, breakthrough time and exhaustion time increased with increasing bed depth. The bed-depth service time (BDST) model and the Thomas model were applied to the adsorption of MB at different bed depths, flow rates, influent concentrations and pH to predict the breakthrough curves and to determine the characteristic parameters of the column that are useful for process design. The two model predictions were in very good agreement with the experimental results at all the process parameters studied indicating that they were very suitable for JLP column design.     

天然水华蓝藻中微囊藻毒素的提取和净化研究

利用天然水华蓝藻为原料，通过筛选、比较不同极性提取剂对微囊藻毒素的提取效果，80％甲醇溶液有较高的提取效率，而乙醇溶液可实现无毒提取，优化了提取方法。并通过调节溶液pH为藻胆蛋白等电点的方法去除共提取的大量藻胆蛋白，取得了很好的净化效果，为微囊藻毒素的分离和纯化研究提供了基础。     

UF膜与混凝粉末活性炭联用处理冬季黄河水

针对低温低浊水处理的难题,采用混凝和粉末活性炭预处理超滤系统对冬季黄河水进行了净化研究,通过投加混凝剂Al(2SO)4·318H2O以及粉末活性炭,比较了其对于原水的处理效果和对膜过滤性能的影响。试验结果表明,混凝超滤系统用于处理冬季黄河水在技术上是可行的,混凝剂与粉末活性炭对水中污染物质的去除和膜过滤性能有很大的影响;调整合适的操作参数,其对低温黄河水中的高锰酸盐指数、UV254、NH3-N、铁和浊度的平均去除率分别达到70%、60%、30%、80%和96%以上,出水水质达到《生活饮用水源水质标准》(CJ3020-93)的标准。对于已污染的膜,水反冲洗、水/酸洗、水/碱洗可使膜通量恢复至新膜的38%,82%,89%。     

超细电气石粉吸附水体中的Cu（Ⅱ）、Pb（Ⅱ）和Zn（Ⅱ）

通过对吸附时间、电气石用量、初始溶液pH值、初始离子浓度和吸附温度等单因素试验,研究超细电气石粉对水中重金属离子Cu（Ⅱ）、Pb（Ⅱ）和Zn（Ⅱ）的吸附性能。实验发现：超细电气石粉对3种重金属离子的吸附均符合Langmuir吸附等温模型。超细电气石粉对Cu（Ⅱ）、Pb（Ⅱ）和zn（Ⅱ）的饱和吸附量分别是18．59、133．33mg／g和15．41mg／g。超细电气石粉对重金属离子的吸附量随着溶液的初始pH值和电气石用量的增加而增加,随着重金属离子浓度的增加而减小。超细电气石粉能够提高金属溶液的pH值。温度对超细电气石粉吸附重金属离子的影响较小。超细电气石粉对混合溶液中的Cu（Ⅱ）、Pb（Ⅱ）和Zn（Ⅱ）的吸附属于竞争性吸附,其选择性吸附由大到小的顺序为：Pb（Ⅱ）,Cu（Ⅱ）,Zn（Ⅱ）。     

Preparation, characterization, and photocatalytic activities of boron- and cerium-codoped TiO2

Boron- and cerium-codoped TiO2 photocatalysts were synthesized using modified sol-gel reaction process and characterized by X- ray diffraction （XRD）, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）, particle size distribution （PSD）, diffuse reflectance spectra （DRS）, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller （BET）. The photocatalytic activities were evaluated by monitoring the degradation of dye Acid Red B （ARB）. The results showed that the prepared photocatalysts were mixed oxides mainly consisting of titania, ceria, and boron oxide. The structure of TiO2 could be transformed from amorphous to anatase and then to rutile by increasing calcination temperature; the transformation being accompanied by the growth of particle size without any obvious change in phase structure of CeO2. The XPS of B1.6Ce1.0-TiO2 prepared at 500℃ showed that a few boron atoms were incorporated into titania and ceria lattice, whereas others existed as B2O3. Cerium ions existed in two states, Ce^3＋ and Ce^4＋, and the atomic ratio of Ce^3＋/Ce^4＋ was 1.86. When boron and cerium were doped, the UV-Vis adsorption band wavelength showed an obvious shift toward the visible range （〈526 nm）. As the atomic ratio of Ce/Ti increased to 1.0, the absorbance edge wavelength increased to 481 nm. The absorbance edge wavelength decreased for higher cerium doping levels （Ce/Ti=2.0）. The particles size ranged from 122 to 255 nm with a domain at 168 nm （39.4%）. The degradation of ARB dye indicated that the photocatalytic activities of boron- and cerium-codoped TiO2 were much higher than those of P25 （a standard TiO2 powder）. The activities increased as the boron doping increased, whereas decreased when the Ce/Ti atomic ratio was greater than 0.5. The optimum atomic ratio of B/Ti and Ce/Ti was 1.6 and 0.5, respectively.     

钢渣粉末吸附去除废水中磷的研究

选用平均粒径为0.060mm的钢渣粉末作为除磷吸附剂,分析了其组成和结构,研究了溶液pH和温度对钢渣粉末吸附效果的影响,结合吸附动力学过程和吸附等温模型及钢渣粉末组成成分变化探讨其吸附除磷的机理。结果表明:钢渣粉末吸附除磷的动力学过程符合准二级动力学模型。Langmuir等温吸附模型能较好地模拟钢渣对磷的等温吸附过程,理论饱和吸附量为94.61mg/g。钢渣粉末对磷的吸附量远大于钢渣颗粒,且受pH和温度影响较大。随着溶液pH的增大,钢渣粉末对磷的吸附量逐渐减小,当pH=5时,钢渣粉末对磷的吸附量最大。温度升高,有利于钢渣粉末对磷的吸附。X射线荧光光谱(XRF)和傅里叶红外分析(FITR)结果表明,钢渣粉末中CaO、Fe2O3和SiO2在吸附除磷中均发挥了重要作用。