Surface modification of die steel materials by EDM method using tungsten powder-mixed dielectric

Surface modification by material transfer during electrical discharge machining (EDM) has emerged as a key research area in the last decade. Material may be provided to the machined surface of the workpiece by the eroding tool electrode or by using powder-mixed dielectric. Breakdown of the hydrocarbon dielectric contributes carbon to the plasma channel which may also cause surface modification. The present work has investigated the response of three die steel materials to surface modification by EDM method with tungsten powder mixed in the dielectric medium. Taguchi experimental design technique was used to conduct the experiments on each work material independently. Peak current, pulse on-time and pulse off-time were taken as variable factors and micro-hardness of the machined surface was taken as the response parameter. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and spectrometric analysis show substantial transfer of tungsten and carbon to the workpiece surface and an improvement of more than 100% in micro-hardness for all the three die steels. Presence of tungsten carbide (WC and W₂C) indicates that its formation is taking place in the plasma channel. Machining parameters for the best value of micro-hardness for each work material were found to be the same.     

在TiO2催化剂上菲的光催化氧化反应研究

选择TiO₂ 粉末催化剂,在发射光谱为254 nm的15 W紫外灯照射下,反应液中Al3+,Fe3+和H2O₂ 浓度增加能提高菲的降解率;TiO₂ 表面载银量的增加能提高降解速度;TiO₂ 投入量在一定范围内随投入量的增加,光催化降解菲的速度也增加,但当投入量较多时又能降低降解速率;在酸性条件下,菲易被光催化降解;菲的起始反应浓度与反应速度成负一级反应动力学关系。      

山茶籽粉吸附亚甲基蓝的性能研究

为研究山茶籽粉对亚甲基蓝的吸附行为,对不同温度下(298、303、308、313、318K)的吸附数据分别用Langmuir、Freundlich和Dubinin-Radushkevish模式进行拟合,用伪一级动力学方程和伪二级动力学方程描述山茶籽粉对亚甲基蓝的吸附动力学过程,并计算了Gibbs自由能变(ΔGθ)、焓变(ΔHθ)和熵变(ΔSθ)等热力学函数.结果表明,山茶籽粉对亚甲基蓝的吸附能力随着温度的升高而降低;Langmuir方程更适合描述其吸附行为.Gibbs自由能变(ΔGθ)、焓变("Hθ)和熵变(ΔSθ)均小于零,说明此吸附过程是自发进行的、放热的、趋于有序的吸附过程.伪二级动力学方程更适用于描述山茶籽粉对亚甲基蓝的吸附动力学过程.     

14C-Ethion residues in soybean seeds: metabolic pathway,effect of processing,bioavailability, toxicity and protective action of artichoke leaf powder towards rats

The metabolic fate of ethion labeled with ¹⁴C-at the ethyl ester groups in soybean seeds following topical application to leaves was studied. Chromatographic analysis of soybean oil revealed the presence of the parent compound together with four metabolites which were identified as ethion monooxon, ethion dioxon, O-ethyl phosphorothioate and O,O-diethyl phosphorothioate. The effect of processing on ethion residues in soybean oil was investigated. The refined oil contained small amounts of the ¹⁴C-residues originally present (37.5%). Upon feeding rats with the cake containing ethion bound residues, a substantial amount of ¹⁴C-residues was eliminated in the urine (73%), and about 6% excreted with the feces. About 5% of the radioactive residues were distributed among various organs. Mature male Wistar rats were fed on soybean seeds containing ethion residues (1.93 ppm), and on artichoke leaves powder (1% W/W) for four weeks. At the end of the experimental period, the ethion-treated group had a significantly higher alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, urea, creatinine, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels. The ethion-treated rats also had a lower total serum protein and albumin levels, as well as acetyl cholinesterase (AChE), catalase (CAT), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity as compared with controls. Moreover, concomitant treatment with artichoke leaf powder improved, at least partially, all the biochemical parameters that were altered by ethion.     

浓硫酸低温分解废弃稀土抛光粉工艺研究

采用浓硫酸低温分解回收废弃稀土抛光粉,考察了硫酸用量、分解温度和反应时间对分解效果的影响,结果显示,较佳实验条件下,稀土收率可达95%以上。通过热重-差热与红外光谱联用技术实时在线监测技术,表明分解过程分为2个阶段,分别在270℃和300℃温度范围附近,稀土氧化物和稀土氟氧化物与硫酸发生反应。     

GP/APP膨胀阻燃体系对硅橡胶复合材料阻燃及抑烟性能的影响

为了探究石墨粉 (GP) 与聚磷酸铵 (APP) 膨胀阻燃体系对硅橡胶复合材料的阻燃及抑烟特性的影响,采用锥形量热仪 (CCT)、热重分析仪 (TG) 及极限氧指数测试仪 (LOI) 对阻燃硅橡胶复合材料进行表征。研究结果表明:与单独添加膨胀阻燃剂APP的阻燃硅橡胶相比,添加GP/APP膨胀阻燃体系可有效提升燃烧过程中形成的膨胀碳层的致密度,降低阻燃硅橡胶复合材料的热释放速率及总烟释放量,提高阻燃硅橡胶复合材料高温阶段的热稳定性,提升阻燃硅橡胶复合材料的燃烧成炭率和质量保持率; 使阻燃硅橡胶复合材料的氧指数值增大。     

Removal of petroleum tar from bird feathers utilizing magnetic particles

A previously reported acute temperature dependency for the effective removal of tarry residue from feather clusters, utilising magnetic particles, has also been demonstrated to occur for the plumage of whole birds, whereby a maximum removal of up to 96% may be achieved. The experimental design allows an approximate equilibrium constant, for the distribution of contaminant between the residue and the magnetic particles, to be estimated at each temperature. This allows the thermodynamics of the process to be examined via application of the van't Hoff equation, suggesting an explanation for the phenomenon.     

纳米MnO2与常规MnO2粉末对Hela细胞DNA损伤的对比研究

为探讨纳米MnO2与常规MnO2粉末对细胞DNA损伤作用的差别,采用不同浓度的纳米MnO2与常规MnO2粉末(0、100、200、400μg·mL-1)对Hela细胞进行染毒,应用单细胞凝胶电泳(彗星实验)检测Hela细胞的损伤效应.结果表明,与对照组相比,纳米MnO2和常规MnO2各染毒组细胞尾部DNA百分率(TailDNA%)和尾矩(TailMoment)均显著增加(p<0.01);同一浓度下,纳米MnO2组细胞尾部DNA百分率和尾矩显著高于常规MnO2组(p<0.01).以上结果表明,纳米MnO2和常规MnO2粉末均能导致Hela细胞DNA损伤,且纳米MnO2的损伤作用强于常规MnO2.     

Mercury leaching characteristics of waste treatment residues generated from various sources in Korea

In this study, mercury (Hg) leaching characteristics of the waste treatment residues (fly ash, bottom ash, sludge, and phosphor powder) generated from various sources (municipal, industrial, medical waste incinerators, sewage sludge incinerator, oil refinery, coal-fired power plant, steel manufacturing plant, fluorescent lamp recycler, and cement kiln) in Korea were investigated. First, both Hg content analysis and toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) testing was conducted for 31 collected residue samples. The Hg content analysis showed that fly ash from waste incinerators contained more Hg than the other residue samples. However, the TCLP values of fly ash samples with similar Hg content varied widely based on the residue type. Fly ash samples with low and high Hg leaching ratios (R_L) were further analyzed to identify the major factors that influence the Hg leaching potential. Buffering capacity of the low-R_L fly ash was higher than that of the high-R_L fly ash. The Hg speciation results suggest that the low-R_L fly ashes consisted primarily of low-solubility Hg compounds (Hg₂Cl₂, Hg⁰ or HgS), whereas the high-R_L fly ashes contain more than 20% high-solubility Hg compounds (HgCl₂ or HgSO₄).     

铝粉超细化对KClO3/Al/S配方药剂特性的影响

为研究铝粉超细化后对烟火药剂性能的影响,将普通铝粉和纳米铝粉分别与氯酸钾、硫黄粉按照零氧平衡的同一配比(17%Al+63%KClO3+20%S)配制成烟火药剂,分别用0#样品和1#样品表示。用ARC、WL-1型落锤仪和MGY-1型摆式摩擦感度仪等试验装置从热安全性、撞击感度和摩擦感度等方面进行对比试验。结果表明,与含普通铝粉的0#样品相比,含纳米铝粉的1#烟火药剂热分解的初始反应温度明显降低(118.67℃<123.3℃),反应到达最大温升速率所需的时间明显延长(4.94min>0.13 min),反应所能达到的最高压力明显降低(2.77 MPa/g<3.14 MPa/g),反应动力学因子明显降低(361.85 kJ/mol<409.41 kJ/mol),撞击感度明显下降(12%<100%)。这说明铝粉粒径对药剂的性能有一定的影响。纳米铝粉的加入在加速烟火药剂反应进程的同时,可有效降低其反应的激烈程度、压力危险性和撞击危险性,即铝粉超细化后可以有效改善烟火药剂的性能,提高其安全性。