长三角地区台风灾害风险评估

中国长三角地区由于濒临西北太平洋,成为受台风灾害影响最严重的地区之一。结合灾害风险理论,将该地区16个地级市的140个县(包括一般县、县级市和市辖区)作为研究单元,对台风灾害风险进行了评估。选用台风大风和台风降雨等10个指标,采用主成分分析法计算了各县的台风致灾因子强度指数;选用各县2006年底人口密度、地区生产总值和第一产业产值占总产值的比例等3个指标,采用主成分分析法计算了其承灾体脆弱性指数;将致灾因子指数与脆弱性指数相乘,得到了各县的台风灾害风险指数,从而得到了风险等级图。该风险等级图揭示了台风灾害风险在长三角地区的等级分布状况,可以为长三角地区台风灾害防范策略的制定提供参考。     

The Role of Institutions and Policy in Enhancing Sustainable Development and Conserving Natural Capital

The use and management of natural capital is critical in all nations, but especially so in poor nations. The role of institutions – chiefly, property rights and pricing systems for natural resources – is pivotal in achieving growth and improved distribution of income and wealth, in understanding environmental degradation, and in seeking improved policy. Particularly useful criteria and indicators of sustainable development relate to `green' output and productivity measures in which the depreciation of natural capital is being considered. Special management problems exist for `critical' components of natural capital to which variants of the precautionary principle must be applied to ensure that our heirs receive an undiminished patrimony.     

收益原则视角下中国下游碳贸易平衡

基于多区域投入产出模型的戈什模型,以中国为主要研究对象,核算并分析了1995~2011年全球41个国家和地区的下游碳贸易平衡.结果表明,研究期间内中国收益侧碳排放远小于直接碳排放,下游碳贸易平衡年均增长率达11.92%,中国是收益侧碳排放最大的净进口国.日本、美国、德国、俄罗斯、澳大利亚及巴西等国对中国收益侧碳排放净出口规模不断扩大,中国已经成为这些国家和地区收益侧碳排放转移的重要目的地之一.建立以收益原则为基础的碳排放责任核算体系有利于建立更加公正和有效的碳减排方案,有利于中国主张合理的碳排放责任原则和实行有效的碳减排政策.     

Reducing the harms associated with risk assessments

Risk assessments are the intellectual products of dedicated public health and environmental professionals. Like many other products, risk assessments carry with them the potential for both good and harm. This paper briefly examines some of the harms to which risk assessments have contributed, and then suggests that the legal “duty to warn” doctrine offers a logical and practical way to reduce some of these harms. The paper suggests concepts that could be incorporated into warnings accompanying every formal risk assessment as routine “boiler plate” addenda, just as other potentially harmful products, such as lawn mowers and cook stoves, are accompanied by warnings. Finally, the paper briefly examines the “Code of Ethics and Standards of Practice for Environmental Professionals” (promulgated by the National Association of Environmental Professionals) and shows that the suggested warnings are consistent with recommended practices for environmental professionals.     

Rates of environmental problem generation: Thoughts on a new research direction

Environmental scientists are continually discovering new and emerging environmental problems. There have been many studies of how a particular environmental problem has occurred, its costs to society, and its (potential) resolution. However, to date there have been few studies of the rate at which new environmental problems are generated by human technological innovations. In this note, I present a conceptual framework that will help quantify how many now-unknown problems we may expect to occur in a given sector. Two brief case studies illustrate the difficulty of finding appropriate dataset for fitting the full model, however. Policy implications of the conceptual framework are discussed, with different kinds of economic sectors requiring different approaches.     

柴油发电机尾气烟尘净化器

本文介绍了柴油发电机尾气烟尘净化器的工作原理、结构和工艺、安装和再生以及在使用过程中应注意的柴油机背压、确定转化温度、增加加热装置等问题。最后谈了目前柴油发电机尾气烟尘净化器存在的缺陷和技术发展趋势。     

防火墙在网络边界中的安全性评估

防火墙是在内部网与外部网之间实施安全防范的系统 ,负责对资源的访问控制。笔者深入分析了防火墙的过滤技术、状态检测技术及代理技术在Internet应用中的安全弱点 ,阐述了网络的拓扑结构、防火墙配置、网络边界环境对防火墙安全的影响 ,提出了构建防火墙时 ,可以采用从外部和内部两个方向对防火墙进行安全性评估原则 ,以及一些可行的探测防火墙弱点、网络流量、防火墙规则是否实现的方法 ,从而在网络边界中构建更加安全的防火墙。     

安全生产管理是企业的生存之本

阐述了安全生产管理在企业生存和发展中的重要性，并就如何提高安全生产管理工作提出了一些切实可行的建议和企业安全生产管理的基本原则和措施。     

从色觉、科学仪器、测不准原理看非决定论

通过对色觉、科学仪器、测不准原理的分析,认为认识在感性阶段是客主体相互作用的结果.感官的生物学意义在于对客体的区别.这种区别是相对准确的,而不是与客体严格一一对应的.科学仪器是人感官的延伸.色觉与其它感官和科学仪器同是人类认识工具.测不准问题是与认识工具直接相关,与客主体相互影响密不可分的,它在宏观上和微观上同时存在,它不是非决定论的理论依据.     

地震对公路的危害及防震原则

分析了地震对公路、桥梁的危害,提出了对平原、山区公路和桥梁的防震原则.