Production and the application of anaerobic granular sludge produced by landfill

Sludge granulation is considered to be the most critical parameter governing successful operation of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket and expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactors. Pre-granulated seeding sludge could greatly reduce the required start-up time. Two lab-scale and a pilot-scale EGSB reactors were operated to treat Shaoxing Wastewater Treatment Plant containing wastewater from real engineering printing and dyeing with high pH and sulfate concentration. The microbiological structure and the particle size distribution in aerobic excess sludge, sanitary landfill sludge digested for one year, and the granular sludge of EGSB reactor after 400 d of operation were analyzed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and sieves. The lab-scale EGSB reactor seeded with anaerobic sludge after digestion for one year in landfill showed obviously better total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) removal efficiency than one seeded with aerobic excess sludge after cation polyacrylamide flocculation-concentration and dehydration. The TCOD removed was 470.8 mg/L in pilot scale EGSB reactor at short hydraulic retention time of 15 h. SEM of sludge granules showed that the microbiological structure of the sludge from different sources showed some differences. SEM demonstrated that Methanobacterium sp. was present in the granules of pilot-scale EGSB and the granular sludge produced by landfill contained a mixture of anaerobic/anoxic organisms in abundance. The particle size distribution in EGSB demonstrated that using anaerobic granular sludge produced by sanitary landfill as the seeding granular sludge was feasible.     

A preliminary assessment on reusage of flyash emitted from fluidized bed incineration of sludge cake

Reusage or recycle of flyash can eliminate the cost of final disposal and prevent secondary pollution caused by inappropriate flyash disposal. It is well known that the flyash emitted from fluidized bed incineration (FBI) is fine particle. Moreover its properties are more similar to concrete than that of ash from other incinerators. A promising and economical reusage of flyash is in concrete material. Prior to this application, it is necessary to explore the characteristics of cement mixed with flyash. Besides analyzing the general physical and chemical properties of FBI flyash, this article presents a preliminary assessment on reusage of FBI flyash in concrete by a series of experimental tests on the characteristics of flyash-cement paste, including the macrocharacteristics of fresh cement paste e.g. workability, bleeding water, setting time, compressive and tensile strengths, and micro-characteristics, e.g. paste hardening, pore distribution, and crystal structure. Effects of flyash amount in the paste and of flyash size on these properties are also studied. An approach to evaluate the reusage of flyash by inspecting the characteristics of flyash-cement paste is proposed, and leads to a potential reusage scheme for the FBI flyash as a concrete material resource.     

APPLICATION OF THE PEBBLE COUNT NOTES ON PURPOSE,METHOD, AND VARIANTS1

ABSTRACT: The pebble count procedure (Wolman, 1954) is the measurement of 100 randomly selected stones from a homogeneous population on a river bed or bar, which yields reproducible size distribution curves for surficial deposits of gravel and cobbles. The pebble count is widely used in geomorphologr (and increasingly in river engineering) to characterize surficial grain size distributions in lieu of bulk samples, for which adequate sample sizes become enormous for gravels. Variants on the original method have been proposed, one of which, the so-called ‘zig-zag’ method (Bevenger and King, 1995), involves sampling along a diagonal line and drawing data points from many different geomorphic units. The method is not reproducible, probably because it incorporates stones from many different populations, and because an inadequate number of grains is sampled from any given population. Sampling of coarse bed material should be geomorphically stratified based on the natural sorting of grain sizes into distinct channel features. If a composite grain size is desired, the areas of the bed occupied by different populations can be mapped, pebble counts conducted on each, and a weighted average distribution computed.     

AFMBR处理低浓度废水的运行特性

采用厌氧流化床膜生物反应器（AFMBR）处理模拟生活污水,研究其启动运行的特性.结果表明,在室温、进水COD 270mg/L的条件下,AFMBR系统经过驯化富集后,其出水SCOD能稳定维持在30mg/L以下,冬季温度降低时,系统产甲烷菌的活性会受到抑制,出水SCOD在30~40mg/L,但仍可满足一级A排放标准.系统的总甲烷转化量在0.182L/g COD去除左右,温度越高气体甲烷的转化量越大,进水COD约有45%转化为甲烷.AFMBR系统连续运行218d的污泥产量为0.071g VSS/g COD,其值要远远低于典型好氧系统的污泥产量.系统的能耗及产能,若只考虑气态甲烷产能,本研究中当HRT降至10h时产能才能满足能耗需求;若考虑所有的甲烷产能,当HRT降至20h时产能即能满足能耗需求,当HRT降至10h时产能是能耗需求的2倍.因此,AFMBR作为一个低耗高效的废水处理系统,具有良好应用潜力.     

污泥水蒸气气化焦油化学组分的分布特征

通过GC-MS分析,研究了气化温度和气料比S/B（水蒸气与污泥的质量比）对污泥气化焦油中芳香烃、含氮化合物、含氧化合物和含硫化合物分布特征的影响变化规律.结果表明：污泥气化焦油中芳香烃的化学组分主要为菲类、萘类、芴类和联苯类化合物,其中S/B值1.1、1.5和1.9时菲类和萘类化合物的产率在850℃均达到最大值,S/B值1.5和1.9时芴类产率随气化温度的升高而呈先升高后降低,而800℃时联苯类产率则随S/B值的增加而呈先升高后降低,其最高产率为1.284g/kg.含氮化合物以吲哚类化合物为主,其产率在S/B值为1.5和1.9时均随气化温度的升高而呈降低趋势;含氧化合物中主要为酚类化合物,其产率在750℃时随S/B值的升高而升高,其最高产率3.103g/kg;含硫化合物主要为4,4'-双（四氢噻喃）,且仅在850℃、S/B值为1.9气化条件下检出产率为0.263g/kg的萘并[1,2-b]噻吩.     

连续/间歇曝气下MBBR-亚硝化生物膜特性

本文分别以连续曝气和间歇曝气方式长期运行两套亚硝化移动床生物膜反应器,对比分析两种曝气方式下亚硝化生物膜特性差异和变化.研究表明,连续曝气和间歇曝气均可实现亚硝化生物膜生长（K_d> 0）,但间歇曝气下生物膜连续脱落对生物总量基本无影响,生物膜生长过程更加稳定,且当亚硝化运行稳定后,间歇曝气可获得更高的生物总量（1.42g/m²）.而连续曝气下生物膜可获得更高的蛋白质/多糖（PN/PS=1.8~2.0）和蛋白质/挥发性固体（PN/VS=0.145）以及更低的腐殖质/挥发性固体（HS/VS=0.05）和死细胞占比（13.66%）.这说明连续曝气下生物膜中活性生物量占比更高,惰性生物量占比更低,活细胞占比更高,因而生物膜活性更高,微生物代谢更活跃.荧光实时定量PCR结果显示,以连续曝气运行的MBBR生物膜中亚硝化菌总量远高于间歇曝气,连续曝气更利于亚硝化菌的生长富集（2.36copies×10⁸/g > 0.25copies×10⁸/g）.     

AnGMBR处理低浓度废水的运行特性

采用厌氧颗粒污泥床膜生物反应器（AnGMBR）对模拟生活污水进行处理,并对其运行特性进行研究.结果表明,在室温、进水COD 260mg/L的条件下,AnGMBR的出水COD能稳定维持在30mg/L以下,即使HRT降至5h,系统的出水COD仍满足一级A排放标准.AnGMBR的总甲烷转化量在0.234~0.271L/g COD_去除之间,其进水COD约有61%~70%转化为甲烷.AnGMBR在运行过程中颗粒污泥的粒径、机械强度没有较大的差异,颗粒污泥具有较好的稳定性.经过一段时间的连续运行,AnGMBR的TMP稳定维持在35kPa左右,膜丝在经过清洗后,其性能能够得到有效的恢复.AnGMBR中用于颗粒污泥流化所需的能耗较低,膜滤出水为主要的需能部位,系统各阶段的产能均能满足能耗需求.AnGMBR高效稳定的运行表明,AnGMBR作为一个低耗高效的废水处理系统,具有良好应用潜力.     

qPCR揭示丙酸降解菌群随OLR提高的演替规律

为探讨有机负荷率（OLR）对升流式厌氧污泥床（UASB）反应器运行效能的影响及互营丙酸降解菌群的响应,以稀释的制糖废水为底物,考察了OLR升高对UASB处理效能的影响,并采用实时荧光定量PCR技术（qPCR）分析了互营丙酸降解菌群随OLR提高的演替规律.结果表明,在OLR为6.0~54.0kgCOD/（m³·d）的范围内,UASB处理制糖废水取得了良好的效果,其COD去除率为92.0%以上.qPCR检测结果表明,至少有3种已鉴定的丙酸氧化菌（Pelotomaculum schinkii,P.propionicum和Syntrophobacter sulfatireducens）存在于UASB反应器中.其中,S.sulfatireducens是主要的丙酸氧化菌,其数量为126~1.2×10³ 16S rRNA基因拷贝数/ng DNA,约占检测到丙酸氧化菌总数的47.9%~58.6%.OLR从6.0提高至54.0kgCOD/（m³·d）导致所有丙酸氧化菌数量显著减少.Methanospirillum hungatei和Methanosaeta concilii是该UASB系统中的主要氢营养型产甲烷菌和乙酸营养型产甲烷菌.与丙酸氧化菌的变化趋势相反,这两种产甲烷菌的数量均随OLR的提高而显著增加,并在OLR54.0kgCOD/（m³·d）条件下达到最大值.     

城市生活垃圾的热解产气特性

以城市生活垃圾中的可燃组分为实际物料,在外热式固定床热解实验台上,通过对比不同物料在不同加热温度的情况,研究了垃圾热解的产气特性,对影响产气特性的因素进行了探讨.     

移动床生物膜工艺特点、研究现状及发展

悬浮载体生物膜工艺（MBBR）又称悬浮填料移动工艺，是在20世纪90年代中期得到开发和应用的，它吸收了传统的活性污泥法和生物膜法两者的优点而成为一种高效的污水处理方法。在国外，悬浮载体移动膜工艺已进入使用阶段。我国在悬浮载体移动膜工艺上基本还处于研究阶段。对这一工艺的特点、研究现状及方向作了介绍。