基于栅格尺度的生态安全评价及生态修复——以酒泉市肃州区为例

以节约优先、保护优先和自然恢复的方针为导向,基于栅格尺度评价生态安全状态,并开展国土空间生态修复分区,有助于实施精准修复、降低生态修复成本以及增加生态修复效益。本文以酒泉市肃州区为例,从环境基底和人类干扰的视角遴选评价因子,采用空间主成分分析法（SPCA）基于栅格尺度对生态安全进行评价,并将宏观尺度的生态保护红线和永久基本农田保护等现实约束条件与栅格尺度的生态安全评价结果相结合,实现精准的生态修复分区。结果表明：研究区整体生态安全水平偏低,中度安全水平及以下的面积为1391.65 km²,占研究区总面积的71.35%,生态安全格局总体呈中部高、四周低的特征。肃州区国土空间生态修复分区共划分出5个类型区,其中生态恢复区面积最大,占研究区总面积的46.17%。生态控制、生态保育、生态提升和生态整治四个类型区在乡村分布最多,说明肃州区乡村生态修复的复杂度、难度和重要程度更高。本文运用新的生态修复分区研究思路,以期丰富国土空间生态保护修复规划理论与方法。     

不同城市PM2.5致小鼠肝脏纤维化的效应差异研究

为阐明PM_2.5诱发肝脏纤维化的潜在机制以及导致这种不良效应的主要组分,本研究以采自我国太原、北京、杭州和广州市的PM_2.5暴露10月龄C57BL/6雌性小鼠4周后,利用组织切片染色,荧光定量PCR (qRT-PCR)以及Western blot技术检测小鼠肝脏纤维化的发生,并采用皮尔森相关系数法分析不同城市PM_2.5暴露组小鼠肝脏纤维化相关基因表达水平与各城市典型化学组分的线性相关关系.结果发现,与对照组相比,太原组和杭州组小鼠肝脏脏器系数显著降低;太原组小鼠肝脏胶原沉积面积显著增加,肝脏纤维化相关基因(Col1a1、Col3a1、TGF-β和MMP2)的转录水平显著升高,并且也仅有太原组PM_2.5暴露诱导了小鼠肝脏Col1a1蛋白的显著增高,而其他城市PM_2.5暴露组并未见上述纤维化相关因子的显著变化.相关性分析结果显示,Cr、Mn、Mo、Cs、Pb、Bi、U和Fe等金属组分与Col1a1和Col3a1的mRNA表达呈显著正相关,除NA、AC及BaP外其余15种多环芳烃均与Col1a1表达显著相关,18种PAHs之和与Col3a1表达显著相关.上述结果表明,PM_2.5暴露可导致小鼠肝脏纤维化的发生,其中太原市PM_2.5诱导肝脏纤维化发生最为显著,TGF-β及其通路中相关信号分子在介导PM_2.5诱发肝脏纤维化发生中发挥了重要作用,Cr、Mn、Mo、Cs、Pb、Bi、U、Fe及PAHs很可能是细颗粒物暴露导致小鼠肝脏纤维化的关键毒性组分.     

Frog occupancy of polluted wetlands in urban landscapes

Urban sprawl and the rising popularity of water-sensitive urban design of urban landscapes has led to a global surge in the number of wetlands constructed to collect and treat stormwater runoff in cities. However, contaminants, such as heavy metals and pesticides, in stormwater adversely affect the survival, growth, and reproduction of animals inhabiting these wetlands. A key question is whether wildlife can identify and avoid highly polluted wetlands. We investigated whether pond-breeding frogs are attempting to breed in wetlands that affect the fitness of their offspring across 67 urban wetlands in Melbourne, Australia. Frog species richness and the concentration of contaminants (heavy metals and pesticides) were not significantly related, even in the most polluted wetlands. The proportion of fringing vegetation at a wetland had the greatest positive influence on the number of frog species present and the probability of occurrence of individual species, indicating that frogs inhabited wetlands with abundant vegetation, regardless of their pollution status. These wetlands contained contaminant levels similar to urban wetlands around the world at levels that reduce larval amphibian survival. These results are, thus, likely generalizable to other areas, suggesting that urban managers could inadvertently be creating ecological traps in countless cities. Wetlands are important tools for the management of urban stormwater runoff, but their construction should not facilitate declines in wetland-dependent urban wildlife.     

Combined Effects of Climate Change and Bank Stabilization on Shallow Water Habitats of Chinook Salmon

Significant challenges remain in the ability to estimate habitat change under the combined effects of natural variability, climate change, and human activity. We examined anticipated effects on shallow water over low‐sloped beaches to these combined effects in the lower Willamette River, Oregon, an area highly altered by development. A proposal to stabilize some shoreline with large rocks (riprap) would alter shallow water areas, an important habitat for threatened Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), and would be subject to U.S. Endangered Species Act‐mandated oversight. In the mainstem, subyearling Chinook salmon appear to preferentially occupy these areas, which fluctuate with river stages. We estimated effects with a geospatial model and projections of future river flows. Recent (1999–2009) median river stages during peak subyearling occupancy (April–June) maximized beach shallow water area in the lower mainstem. Upstream shallow water area was maximized at lower river stages than have occurred recently. Higher river stages in April–June, resulting from increased flows predicted for the 2080s, decreased beach shallow water area 17–32%. On the basis of projected 2080s flows, more than 15% of beach shallow water area was displaced by the riprap. Beach shallow water area lost to riprap represented up to 1.6% of the total from the mouth to 12.9 km upstream. Reductions in shallow water area could restrict salmon feeding, resting, and refuge from predators and potentially reduce opportunities for the expression of the full range of life‐history strategies. Although climate change analyses provided useful information, detailed analyses are prohibitive at the project scale for the multitude of small projects reviewed annually. The benefits of our approach to resource managers include a wider geographic context for reviewing similar small projects in concert with climate change, an approach to analyze cumulative effects of similar actions, and estimation of the actions’ long‐term effects. Efectos Combinados del Cambio Climático y la Estabilización de Bordes de Ríos Hábitats de Aguas Poco Profundas del Salmón Chinook     

不同劳动强度下人体呼吸参数变化实验研究

人体呼吸参数对呼吸防护装备内部微环境的稳定性至关重要，为获得不同劳动强度下人体呼吸参数及变化规律，以相对心率指数表征劳动强度等级并设计构建呼吸参数采集系统。通过开展多人次不同劳动强度呼吸实验，记录实时瞬时心率、呼吸压力、呼吸频率数据并采集呼出气样本，进行气相色谱分析。研究结果表明:相对心率指数能够消除劳动强度表征中的个体差异及劳动形式差异，对劳动强度具有良好表征作用；呼吸压力及频率随劳动强度增加呈现增强和变大的趋势；心率及呼吸压力信号的样本熵显示，心率稳定性随劳动强度的增加而降低，呼吸模式稳定性则增强；呼出气中O2含量随劳动强度增加而降低，CO2与H2O含量呈现增长趋势，绝对变化量及变化比例随劳动强度不同呈现明显差异。     

Trends in motor vehicle crash mortality in Europe, 1980-2007

Recent trends (1980-2007) in mortality from road traffic crashes in European countries, and, for comparative purposes, in the USA and Japan were reviewed. Data came from the World Health Organisation database. Age-standardised rates, at all ages and at 15-24, 25-64, ?65 years, were computed. Joinpoint regression analyses to evaluate significant changes in trends were performed. In the European Union as a whole rates declined from 20.2 in 1987 to 13.5/100,000 in 2007 in men, and from 6.3 to 3.7/100,000 in women; European Union rates remained lower than USA, but higher than Japanese ones. In 2007, the highest male rates were in Lithuania (36.7/100,000), the Russian Federation (35.2), Ukraine (29.8), and Latvia (28.5), and the lowest ones in the Netherlands (6.2) and Sweden (6.9); the highest female rates were in the Russian Federation (11.3), Lithuania (9.7), Belarus, Latvia, and Ukraine (around 8), and the lowest ones in Switzerland (1.7), the UK, and Nordic countries (around 2). Mortality from motor vehicle crashes declined in northern and western European countries and - though to a lesser extent - in southern European countries, too. Mortality trends were also favourable in the Czech Republic and Poland since the mid 1990’s, whereas they were still upwards in Romania and the Russian Federation. No trend was observed in Hungary and Ukraine. Trends were consistent in various age groups considered. Thus, additional urgent and integrated intervention is required to prevent avoidable deaths from motor vehicle crashes, particularly in selected central and eastern European countries.     

Spatial distribution of organic geochemical record in the core sediments along the prominent zones of Central Kerala,India

The study investigated the origin, quality, composition, and trophic state of sedimentary organic matter (SOM) in core samples collected from three zones (Munambam, Vypin, Chettuva) of Central Kerala, India. The SOM exhibited enhanced levels for carbohydrate (CHO) followed by protein (PRT) and lipid (LPD); and phytopigment in the sediment followed the trend: Pheophytin (Pheo) > Carotenoid (carotend) > Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) > Chlorophyll-b (Chl-b) > Chlorophyll-c (Chl-c). The low PRT: CHO ratio indicated a large amount of nonliving or aged organic matter in the sedimentary environment. Whereas the low Chl-a: Pheo ratio interprets the abundance of dead plant materials in the sediments. Correlation matrix showed strong association between organic matter and clay fraction of sediment. Furthermore, the strong interrelationships between biochemical components and chloropigments in all the zones suggested that SOM is strictly connected to phytodetritus deposition. Vypin zone near Vallarpadam Container Terminal revealed the presence of high biopolymeric carbon content. Besides, the PRT: CHO > 1 reflected the eutrophic condition at the same site but the low PRT: CHO ratio in the remaining stations displays the oligotrophic nature.     

1982~2010年洞庭湖流域植被指数的变化及其与气候因子的相关分析

基于GIMMS 3 g、PAL、LTDR V3、FASIR及MODIS 5种不同的遥感影像数据,及洞庭湖流域30个气象站点的气温、降水和日照时数月值数据,采用逐像元一元线性回归模型,对比分析了在不同数据集背景下的植被变化趋势,并基于时间序列长度以及数据精度的考虑,选择GIMMS 3 g作为研究洞庭湖流域植被覆盖变化的基础数据集,进而利用相关系数和多元线性回归分析模型探讨流域植被覆盖变化与降水、气温、日照时数的关系。结果表明:(1)过去29 a间,流域GIMMS 3 g NDVI在时空尺度上均以增加趋势为主,1998~2000年出现最大的降低,以植被覆盖较好的山区减少最快;(2)去除年际变化趋势和季节性影响的NDVI与同期降水量距平、累积3个月气温距平值及同期日照时数距平值相关性程度最高;(3)统计意义上,降水量、气温和日照时数解释洞庭湖流域植被月NDVI变化的37%,日照时数对该流域NDVI变化的影响最大,其次为降水和气温;(4)在时间和空间范畴,生长季NDVI可以作为反映洞庭湖流域森林覆盖率变化的指标。     

考虑空间效应的出租车超速行为道路因素分析

为充分利用道路特征干预出租车超速行为,搜集成都市区内出租车全球定位系统(GPS)轨迹数据,识别其超速行为,并采集道路特征数据,以各道路的出租车超速频数及平均超速严重度为超速特征,应用全局莫兰指数和4类空间回归模型,分别确定超速特征及道路因素的空间自相关性和显著影响出租车超速特征的道路因素。研究结果表明:出租车超速行为和道路特征均存在明显的空间自相关性;空间自相关模型(SAC)对超速频数的拟合效果最好,空间杜宾模型(SDM)对平均超速严重度的拟合效果最佳;路段的相接道路数、出入口数及车道数明显增加超速频数;道路长度和车道数显著增大平均超速严重度;施工区和单行道均与超速特征无关。     

陕西渭北旱塬区农田土壤有机质空间预测方法

准确预测土壤有机质(SOM)含量的空间分布对于改善土壤质量、提高区域土壤管理水平具有重要意义.为探索预测陕西渭北旱塬区农田SOM含量的最优模型,借助地理探测器选取与SOM含量密切相关的影响因子作为建模的协变量,选用普通克里格方法(OK)、地理加权回归模型(GWR)、偏最小二乘回归模型(PLS)、地理加权回归扩展模型(G...