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151.
为研究交叉口进口道车辆限速值对交叉口的安全和运行产生的影响,通过微观仿真平台,分析车辆在交叉口限速分别为30,38和46 km/h时的车均延误、车均行程时间,并将车辆行驶轨迹输入安全辅助评价(SSAM)软件中展开分析。结果表明,车辆限速值的提高对车均延误的影响不大,但会减小车辆在进口道的车均行程时间。另外,限速值从30 km/h提高到46 km/h,引起的碰撞时间(TTC)、后侵占时间(PET)数值变化不显著,但使总冲突数从42个增加到59个。  相似文献   
152.
环氧氯丙烷生产工艺中双氧水分解产生的氧气与含氯丙烯、环氧氯丙烷、甲醇的可燃气体混合存在燃爆危险,为预防燃爆发生,利用5L爆炸极限测试仪测定分离罐气相出口可燃气在不同氧气浓度条件下的爆炸极限,并以此绘制爆炸极限三元图,得到不同工况条件下"可燃气-氧气-氮气"混合体系的燃爆区域。结果表明:随着氧气浓度的升高,可燃气爆炸上限明显提高,但爆炸下限变化不明显;随温度上升,气相出口组分发生变化,LOC值逐渐降低;正常冷却条件下极限氧含量为12%,冷却效果差时为10%,冷却失效时为9.3%;设置氧浓度报警时参考最小LOC值,留出裕度空间,控制体系氧含量小于5%有助于预防燃爆发生。  相似文献   
153.
文章根据楚雄市空气污染数据,采用统计的方法从不同的角度探求中小城市空气污染指标的变化规律,并求出三种污染物的同时置信区间及它们之间的关联性。结果表明:楚雄市的空气污染主要由SO2造成,室外空气质量能达到一类地区的水平,三种污染物之间两两相关性较弱,但整体相关性较强,同时根据结论提出了相应的建议。  相似文献   
154.
This article is based on an international comparative study analysing innovations in national administrative institutions. Results of that research are presented and discussed here. Against the background of the institutionalising process of political institutions the study focused on innovations initiated or introduced by governments or parliaments by example of policies and politics supporting sustainable development. The countries involved in the original study were Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Three general lessons can be drawn: (1) Countries with a long tradition of integrated environmental policy-making are more open to the concept of sustainability. (2) A (institutional) “cure-all” solution does not seem to exist. It seems necessary to diffuse the concept of sustainability into all spheres of politics and society. Reaching this strategic goal requires a specific policy and polity mix. (3) Strong and well-equipped institutions result from specific policies and politics: they play a central role in promoting and intensifying sustainable development. Successful innovations integrating SD into everyday politics and policies are only a very first step though. Further improvements with regard to effective participation and public debate, global orientation of policies and the measurability of achieved progress are necessary.  相似文献   
155.
The effect of climatic conditions on the dynamics of 21 populations of 10 species of the family Orchidaceae at the northern limit of their range in Europe was studied between 1992 and 2004. The abundance of orchid populations proved to depend primarily on air temperature during the previous and current growing seasons.  相似文献   
156.
157.
Abstract: The unit of trade in ecosystem services is usually the use of a proportion of the parcels of land associated with a given service. Valuing small changes in the provision of an ecosystem service presents obstacles, particularly when the service provides non‐use benefits, as is the case with conservation of most plants and animals. Quantifying non‐use values requires stated‐preference valuations. Stated‐preference valuations can provide estimates of the public's willingness to pay for a broad conservation goal. Nevertheless, stated‐preference valuations can be expensive and do not produce consistent measures for varying levels of provision of a service. Additionally, the unit of trade, land use, is not always linearly related to the level of ecosystem services the land might provide. To overcome these obstacles, we developed a method to estimate the value of a marginal change in the provision of a non‐use ecosystem service—in this case conservation of plants or animals associated with a given land‐cover type. Our method serves as a tool for calculating transferable valuations of small changes in the provision of ecosystem services relative to the existing provision. Valuation is achieved through stated‐preference investigations, calculation of a unit value for a parcel of land, and the weighting of this parcel by its ability to provide the desired ecosystem service and its effect on the ability of the surrounding land parcels to provide the desired service. We used the water vole (Arvicola terrestris) as a case study to illustrate the method. The average present value of a meter of water vole habitat was estimated at UK£12, but the marginal value of a meter (based on our methods) could range between £0 and £40 or more.  相似文献   
158.
浮顶油罐油气惰化防火防爆实验研究   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1  
对浮顶油罐的油气空间进行惰化,是一种新的油罐防火防爆方法。向浮顶油罐一、二次密封间的油气空间中加入氮气,可缩小浮顶油罐的一、二次密封之间环形空间油气的爆炸极限的范围。根据这一原理,通过模型实验对大型双重密封型浮顶油罐的油气空间进行了氮气惰化保护实验研究。实验结果表明油气空间内氮气的体积分数会随着氮气通入时间的增长而逐渐升高,油气的体积分数则逐渐降低。氮气通入开始一段时间,环形空间内氮气的体积分数会迅速上升,油气体积分数迅速下降。但随着氮气通入时间的增长,氮气体积分数的上升和油气体积分数的下降速度都会趋于平缓。另外当入口处氮气流量从27Nm3/h变化到54Nm3/h时,为使油气体积分数下降至油气爆炸下限1%所需氮气持续通入的时间也从300分钟左右下降至200分钟左右。  相似文献   
159.
ABSTRACT: The implications of fitting distributions with non-zero lower limits to low flow data are examined. The 3-parameter Weibull distribution is fitted to annual minimum flow series from 60 long term stations in Canada. The relations between the estimated lower limit and three sampling variables (skewness, smallest, and largest observations) were investigated. The lower limit strongly depends on the sample skewness; it varies directly with the sample skewness, which in turn is highly influenced by the largest observation. For a given skewness, the value of the estimated lower limit is determined by the value of the smallest observation. Therefore, the lower limit cannot be accurately determined, and the resulting low flow estimates will be either too small or too high.  相似文献   
160.
ABSTRACT Whether the goal is minimizing water quality degradation in receiving streams or maximizing agricultural production on existing croplands; the solutions are identical - improved water management practices. Technology has succeeded in developing feasible solutions to improving irrigation water management, but the law has been slow to encourage or direct implementation. The villain of the western United States water problem is the property right concept of the appropriation doctrine. Improving water management also implies organizational improvements. Also, the so-called “human factor” involves questions of inefficiency and ineffectiveness, that when examined under the criteria of efficacy, may dictate a policy of continuing present practices in certain localities or regions with little technological intervention. The present effort for improving water quality management implies, therefore, a manyfold attack aimed at increasing project irrigation efficiency and effectiveness, under the larger rubric of efficacy and the achievement of larger social goals.  相似文献   
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