产业生态系统多尺度能值整合评价方法

能值分析方法为自然环境资源与人类社会、经济的统一评价提供了新的思路,但面对当今产业生态学发展的实践需求,在多尺度整合分析、动态模型构建等方面仍显薄弱,需要与经济学等其他学科相对成熟的分析方法与模型加以整合。文章以能值综合方法为核心介质,从成本分析与效果分析的整合、能值分析与区域经济分析的整合,以及能值分析表与投入-产出矩阵模型的整合三个方面进行了产业生态学的能值整合研究方法的具体构建,以促进能值理论方法与产业生态学研究需求的进一步耦合。     

黄孢原毛平革菌酵母双杂交cDNA文库的构建及应用

作为研究木质素降解系统的模式微生物黄孢原毛平革菌,迄今还没有蛋白-蛋白相互作用方面的报道.本研究利用酵母双杂交技术构建了低氮培养基中培养2d和3d的酵母双杂交cDNA文库,分别得到2.5×105和3.0×105个重组子.以14-3-3蛋白为钓饵筛选3d cDNA文库,在SD/-Ade/-His/-Leu/-Trp缺陷培养基平板上共获得了约600个单克隆,进一步分析发现,有30个克隆可激活3个报告基因.分离自这些克隆中的质粒DNA能转化大肠杆菌.利用HaeⅢ和Sau3AⅠ限制酶切分析可将它们分为4类.序列测定和同源分析结果表明,其中一类为14-3-3蛋白基因,提示14-3-3蛋白可形成二聚体,另外3类在GenBank没有明显同源的基因.通过SBASE网站预测,编号为Y2H333的克隆含有一个OB-fold核酸结合结构域(OB-fold nucleic acid binding domain).这些研究结果表明,所构建的黄孢原毛平革菌cDNA酵母杂交文库是成功的,14-3-3蛋白在黄孢原毛平革菌中能以蛋白-蛋白相互作用的形式发挥功能.图4表1参28     

Effect of Heavy Metals on the Blood Protein Biochemistry of the Fish CYPRINUS CARPIO AND ITS USE AS A BIO-INDICATOR OF POLLUTION STRESS

Cyprinus carpio were exposed to two non-essential (Hg and Pb)and two essential (Cu and Ni) heavy metal salts at lethal andsub-lethal concentrations. Blood serum total protein, serum globulinand serum albumin was analysed every 2 hr for 24 hrs andagain at 48 and 72 hrs. Serum protein and globulin level showedan intial sharp increase from 2 to 20 hrs, followed by decline thatextend over a period of 72 hrs. Serum albumin showed an initialimmediate decline from 2 to 4 hrs, followed by an intermittent period of recovery and decline that extend over a period of 72hrs. Both lethal and sub-lethal concentrations of metal salts elicited asimilar pattern of response varying only in magnitude. The use offish blood serum protein, albumin and globulin measurements as general indicators of pollutant stress response isdiscussed.     

4种具有α-季碳结构的对位壬基酚异构体的合成和表征

不同来源工业壬基酚混合物(t-NP)中对位壬基酚(p-NP)异构体的组成各不相同,各异构体之间在环境行为等方面也存在着较大差异,因此在壬基酚的环境归趋、生态毒性以及雌激素活性等研究中迫切需要t-NP中不同单个异构体作为模型化合物,然而目前市场上能购买到的直链壬基酚(4-n-NP)异构体不能作为代表.以苯酚和4种含分支结构的壬醇为原料(苯酚与壬醇摩尔比为4:1),以BF3为催化剂,按照Friedel-Crafts烷基化方法合成了t-NP中常见的4种烷基链具有α-季碳结构的对位壬基酚的异构体,即4(3′,5′-二甲基-3′-庚基)-苯酚(p353NP),4(3′,6′-二甲基-3′-庚基)-苯酚(p363NP),4(2′,6′-二甲基-2′-庚基)-苯酚(p262NP)和4(3′-甲基-3′-辛基)-苯酚(p33NP).合成的壬基酚粗产物用硅胶柱色谱法提纯后的纯度达99%,并经紫外可见分光光度计、荧光分光光度计、HPLC、GC-MS、1H-和13C-NMR进行了表征.合成的4种p-NP异构体可被用于壬基酚的雌激素活性、毒理、代谢和环境归趋等研究.     

合成氯蒸汽发生器泄漏分析

本文针对某化肥厂合成氨装置的蒸汽发生器发生泄漏的原因进行了分析。该设备的材质为SA336F22（相当于国内2．25Cr-1Mo）,属于高温高压临氢设备,出现了垂直于焊缝方向的横向裂纹．经分析这些裂纹主要是氢浓度过高而引起的氢致延迟裂纹,并结合实际的情况提出了合适的返修措施。     

压缩空气蛋白泡沫抑制液体火的有效性研究

压缩空气泡沫灭火技术是一项新型灭火技术,为验证压缩空气泡沫系统与蛋白泡沫灭火剂结合使用时是否可以成为含PFOS泡沫灭火剂的替代技术,开展了压缩空气蛋白泡沫抑制液体火有效性试验.在对压缩空气蛋白泡沫的泡沫性能进行分析的基础上,进一步采用标准油盘火试验模型对压缩空气蛋白泡沫的灭火性能进行评估,并与吸气式泡沫产生系统进行了对比.试验结果表明压缩空气蛋白泡沫具有优异的泡沫性能,同时具备抑制非水溶性液体火的有效性,可以作为含PFOS泡沫灭火剂的替代技术.     

Production and application of a novel bioflocculant by multiple-microorganism consortia using brewery wastewater as carbon source

The flocculating activity of a novel bioflocculant MMF1 produced by multiple-microorganism consortia MM1 was investigated. MM1 was composed of strain BAFRT4 identified as Staphylococcus sp. and strain CYGS1 identified as Pseudomonas sp. The flocculating activity of MMF1 isolated from the screening medium was 82.9%, which is remarkably higher than that of the bioflocculant produced by either of the strains under the same condition. Brewery wastewater was also used as the carbon source for MM1, and the cost-effective production medium for MM1 mainly comprised 1.0 L brewery water （chemical oxygen demand （COD） 5000 mg/L）, 0.5 g/L urea, 0.5 g/L yeast extract, and 0.2 g/L （NH4）2SO4. The optimal conditions for the production of MMF1 was inoculum size 2%, initial pH 6.0, cultivating temperature 30℃, and shaking speed 160 r/min, under which the flocculating activity of the MMF1 reached 96.8%. Fifteen grams of purified bioflocculant could be recovered from 1.0 L of fermentation broth. MMF1 was identified as a macromolecular substance containing both protein and polysaccharide. It showed good flocculating performance in treating indigotin printing and dyeing wastewater, and the maximal removal efficiencies of COD and chroma were 79.2% and 86.5%, respectively.     

Effect of ozone pre-treatment on sludge production of aerobic digestion processes

The effect of ozone in a chemical sludge disintegration process was evaluated. Sludge solution chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS) and settling were investigated in single and sequential processes. A significant influence of ozone dose on sludge disintegration was observed: ozone was utilised to degrade the soluble organic matter and to destroy cell surfaces and release the cell liquids. For a single ozonation step, we found an optimum ozone dose in the range of 0.008–0.013 g O₃/g TSS to give the best COD and TSS removal efficiency. Disintegrated sludge was treated in a sequential process consisting of consecutive ozonation and bio-aeration (i.e. O₃ + biological treatment). The tendency was dependent on accumulated ozone, treatment time and operational conditions. An accumulated ozone dose of 0.055 g O₃/g TSS in two separate ozonation processes followed by biological treatments led to COD and TSS removal efficiency of 53 and 46.6%, respectively. The removal efficiency was improved by increasing aerobic treatment time and/or by mixing ozonated sludge with non-ozonated sludge. The settling ability of sludge was found to be fast at very low specific ozone doses. An observed tendency was the effect of ozone on cell disintegration and protein liberation. The use of sequential processes improved the settling tendency of sludge.     

胞外多聚物在好氧颗粒污泥形成中的作用机制

在SBR反应器活性污泥好氧颗粒化过程中,分析不同时期污泥EPS主要成分的变化、污泥表面特性的变化及二者相关关系.不同时期污泥样品胞外蛋白的SDS-PAGE表明,蛋白分子量条带主要分布在（31.0～97.4）×10³,与种泥相比,颗粒污泥在形成过程中增加了一些新蛋白条带,且条带颜色逐渐变深,定性表明蛋白种类及含量的增加.定量测定也表明,胞外蛋白分泌量随颗粒污泥的形成逐渐从49.4 mg·g^-1增至148.3 mg·g^-1,多糖则无明显变化,蛋白/多糖值也从2.3逐渐增至4.9.颗粒污泥表面疏水性比种泥约增加1倍,疏水性的变化与蛋白/多糖值正相关,相关系数为0.969.测得种泥与颗粒污泥表面Zeta电位平均值分别为-28.5 mV和-13.2　mV,颗粒污泥表面的电负性明显降低.由蛋白质自身特性,可推测其通过增加污泥表面相对疏水性和降低污泥表面电负性而促进好氧颗粒污泥形成的作用机制.     

镉铅复合胁迫下根表铁锰氧化胶膜厚度对美洲商陆富集镉的影响

为了探讨根表铁锰氧化胶膜厚度及共存离子铅(Pb)对美洲商陆富集镉(Cd)影响,采用水培的方法,诱导培育了胶膜厚度具有极显著差异的美洲商陆(低膜美洲商陆、中膜美洲商陆和高膜美洲商陆),分别进行低Cd低Pb、低Cd高Pb、高Cd低Pb、高Cd高Pb等4种不同金属组合的胁迫处理,观察美洲商陆生长状况、测定植株对Cd的富集量、抗胁迫生理活性物质的表达量.结果表明:中膜和高膜美洲商陆侧根发达,新生根较多,高Cd胁迫对根系发育有较强的抑制作用.高Cd条件下,植株对Cd的富集量为高膜美洲商陆中膜美洲商陆低膜美洲商陆,高膜美洲商陆Cd总富集量可达89765.69 mg·kg-1(以干重计).低Cd条件下,植株对Cd的富集量为低膜美洲商陆高膜美洲商陆中膜美洲商陆.高Pb处理,可提高低膜和高膜美洲商陆Cd富集量,但显著降低中膜美洲商陆Cd富集量.根系分泌的可溶性还原糖含量、叶及根部合成的可溶性蛋白含量与根表铁锰氧化胶膜的厚度成正相关.中膜和高膜美洲商陆叶片及根部可溶性蛋白含量还受到不同金属组合胁迫的影响.镉铅复合胁迫使美洲商陆叶片及根部可溶性蛋白含量极显著高于对照组.