磷酸化蛋白质组学技术的发展及其在环境毒理研究中的应用

磷酸化修饰是蛋白质最主要的翻译后修饰形式之一,磷酸化蛋白质组学从整体上观察细胞或组织中磷酸化修饰的状态及其变化,为探讨药物刺激和环境应激下生物体受损的生物学过程提供新的视角.针对磷酸化蛋白质组学技术的发展以及其在环境毒理研究中的应用展开综述.首先,从磷酸化肽富集、磷酸化蛋白的鉴定和磷酸化位点的预测、定量磷酸化蛋白质组学研究3个方面对磷酸化蛋白质组学技术的研究内容和分析策略进行了概述.在此基础上,按照离体实验、活体实验以及毒性作用通路分析3部分对磷酸化蛋白质组学在环境毒理研究中的应用进行了详细阐述.最后,总结了目前磷酸化蛋白质组学研究的不足,并有针对性地提出了磷酸化蛋白质组学在环境毒理研究中的发展方向.     

Bioaugmentation of DDT-contaminated soil by dissemination of the catabolic plasmid pDOD

A plasmid transfer-mediated bioaugmentation method for the enhancement of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) degradation in soil was developed using the catabolic plasmid pDOD from Sphingobacterium sp. D-6. The pDOD plasmid could be transferred to soil bacteria, such as members of Cellulomonas, to form DDT degraders and thus accelerate DDT degradation. The transfer efficiency of pDOD was affected by the donor, temperature, moisture, and soil type. Approximately 50.7% of the DDT in the contaminated field was removed 210 days after the application of Escherichia coli TG I (pDOD-gfp). The results suggested that seeding pDOD into soil is an effective bioaugmentation method for enhancing the degradation of DDT.     

Synthesis of some novel (2-oxo-3-(arylimino) indolin-1-yl)-N-aryl acetamides and evaluation as antimicrobial agents

A series of sixteen 2-oxo-3-(arylimino) indolin-1-yl)-N-aryl acetamide derivatives were synthesized, characterized by physical and spectral data (IR, ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and mass spectrometry), and evaluated for their antibacterial and antifungal activities against various pathogenic microorganisms. Some of the synthesized compounds showed promising antibacterial and antifungal activities, the best being 2-(3-(4-chlorophenylimino)-2-oxoindolin-1-yl)-N-(3-methoxyphenyl) acetamide.     

Structural and molecular alterations in arsenic-induced hepatic oxidative stress in rats: a FTIR study

Arsenic (As) is an ubiquitously distributed environmental toxicant predominantly contaminating drinking water. A number of studies indicated that oral exposure of humans to inorganic As produced damage to various body tissues including liver. Oxidative stress is thought to play a major role in As-induced hepatotoxicity. In this study, Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy approach was applied to determine whether chronic As exposure at 25 ppm, intragastrically for 12 weeks, affected oxidative stress status in rat liver. Data demonstrated that chronic As administration exacerbated oxidative stress as was evidenced by suppressed antioxidant defense system and increased lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation. The FTIR study showed that peak area value of amide A decreased significantly followed by reduced amide I and amide II peak area in an As-treated rat liver suggesting altered protein profile. The change of Olefinic?CH stretching band and C?O stretching of triglycerides band indicated the altered lipid levels due to metallic exposure. The fall in the peak area of PO₂^? asymmetric stretching in the As-treated group might be due to compositional changes of nucleic acids. Hence, the results of this study indicate that As-induced oxidative stress was associated with structural and molecular modifications in proteins, lipids, and glycogen in a rat liver that may help to elucidate molecular mechanisms underlying metal-mediated hepatic damage.     

Text analysis tools for identification of emerging topics and research gaps in conservation science

Keeping track of conceptual and methodological developments is a critical skill for research scientists, but this task is increasingly difficult due to the high rate of academic publication. As a crisis discipline, conservation science is particularly in need of tools that facilitate rapid yet insightful synthesis. We show how a common text‐mining method (latent Dirichlet allocation, or topic modeling) and statistical tests familiar to ecologists (cluster analysis, regression, and network analysis) can be used to investigate trends and identify potential research gaps in the scientific literature. We tested these methods on the literature on ecological surrogates and indicators. Analysis of topic popularity within this corpus showed a strong emphasis on monitoring and management of fragmented ecosystems, while analysis of research gaps suggested a greater role for genetic surrogates and indicators. Our results show that automated text analysis methods need to be used with care, but can provide information that is complementary to that given by systematic reviews and meta‐analyses, increasing scientists’ capacity for research synthesis.     

离子型表面活性剂改性绿色合成单分散纳米氧化铁的制备及其吸附磷的性能

由于绿色合成单分散纳米氧化铁(IONP)易团聚,本研究分别利用阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)和阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)作为分散剂和稳定剂改善单分散纳米氧化铁的性能从而提高其对水体中磷的吸附.在磷酸根初始浓度20 mg·L-1,反应温度25℃的条件下,CTAB-IONP对磷酸根的去除率为92.47%,IONP对磷酸根的去除率为81.94%,SDS-IONP对磷的吸附率略微降低至79.38%.SEM表明IONP、CTAB-IONP,SDS-IONP的平均粒径依次约为180、90、60 nm.同时,EDS、UV-vis、FTIR和Zeta电位的结果说明这些表面活性剂改善了单分散纳米氧化铁的粒径,提高其分散度,改变其表面带电情况.此外,动力学结果均符合伪二级吸附动力学(R20.9).最后,表面活性剂具有调控绿色合成单分散纳米氧化铁活性的潜能,是绿色合成在原位环境修复中新的亮点.     

绿色合成纳米铁同时去除水体中的Pb(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)

植物提取液绿色合成纳米铁是用于环境修复最有潜力的技术之一.本文利用苦丁茶提取液绿色合成纳米铁(Fe NPs),考察了Fe NPs去除Pb(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)的性能,同时,比较了不同温度对Fe NPs去除Pb(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)的影响.结果表明,在p H=3.5、温度303 K、Fe NPs投加量为2.0 g·L-1的条件下,反应60 min后,Pb(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)复合溶液中Pb(Ⅱ)的去除率为91.0%,Cd(Ⅱ)的去除率达31.4%,而单独的Pb(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)溶液中,Pb(Ⅱ)的去除率高达93.8%,Cd(Ⅱ)的去除率高达41.7%.根据Fe NPs对Pb(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)反应前后的表征结果和Pb(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)去除动力学的研究结果表明,Pb(Ⅱ)的去除反应遵循伪一级动力学,而Cd(Ⅱ)的去除遵循伪二级动力学,去除机理可能是Fe NPs对Pb(Ⅱ)起到还原、吸附作用,而对混合液中的Cd(Ⅱ)起到吸附作用.     

Endogenous nitric oxide mediates alleviation of cadmium toxicity induced by calcium in rice seedlings

The effect of calcium chloride (CaCl₂) on rice seedling growth under cadmium chloride (CdCl₂) stress, as well as the possible role of endogenous nitric oxide (NO) in this process, was studied. The growth of rice seedlings was seriously inhibited by CdCl₂, and the inhibition was significantly mitigated by CaCl₂. However, hemoglobin (Hb) and 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4, 4,5,5-tetramethylimidazolinel- oxyl-3-oxide (cPTIO) weakened the promotion effect of CaCl₂. The results of NO fluorescence localization suggest that growth accelerated by CaCl₂ might be associated with elevated NO levels. The content of Cd, protein thiols (PBT), and nonprotein thiols (NPT) in cell walls, cell organelles, and soluble fractions, respectively, of rice seedlings decreased considerably in the presence of CaCl₂, whereas the content of pectin, hemicellulose 1 (HC1), and hemicellulose 2 (HC2) increased significantly. Elimination of endogenous NO in Cd+Ca treatment could promote the transportation of Cd²⁺ to cell organelles and soluble fractions and increase the content of NPT and PBT in leaves. In addition, transportation of Cd²⁺ to cell organelles and soluble fractions was retarded in roots, the content of NPT increased, and the content of PBT decreased. With elimination of endogenous NO in Cd+Ca treatment, the content of pectin, HC1, and HC2 decreased significantly. Thus, Ca may alleviate Cd toxicity via endogenous NO with variation in the levels of NPT, PBT, and matrix polysaccharides.     

Process conditions for preparing methanol from cornstalk gas

The low-heat-value cornstalk gas produced in the down-flow fixed bed gasifier was tentatively used for methanol synthesis. The cornstalk gas was purified and the technical procedures such as deoxygenation, desulfurization, catalytic cracking of tar, purification and hydrogenation were studied. The catalytic experiments of methanol synthesis with cornstalk syngas were carried out in a tubular-flow integral and isothermal reactor. The effect of reaction temperature, pressure, catalyst types, catalyst particle size, syngas flow at entering end and composition of syngas was investigated. The optimum process conditions and yield of methanol from cornstalk syngas were obtained. The experimental results indicated that the proper catalyst for the synthetic reaction was C301 and the optimum catalyst size was 0.833 mm x 0.351 mm. The optimum operating temperature and pressure were found to be 235癈 and 5 MPa, respectively. The suitable syngas flow 0.9-1.10 mol/h at entering end was selected and the best composition of syngas were CO 10.49%, CO2 8.8%, N2 37.32%, CnHm 0.95% and H2 40.49%. The best methanol yield was 0.418 g/g cornstalk. This study provided the technical support for the industrial test of methanol production from biomass (cornstalk) gas.