Deepening A Precautionary European Policy

In regulatory practice, the principle of precaution is hardly linked to the ideal of sustainable development. In this article, we argue that it should be. We argue that sustainable development is the sense of an ethics of co-responsibility, while precaution is the attitude needed to realize this sense. From this perspective, we comment on some regulatory practices within the European context regarding authorization requests for deliberate releases of genetically modified crops and show some problems that are popping up there, for example, the difficulties in interpreting the meaning of harm” (and of benefit”), the symptomatic gap between regulatory rule and political practice. Finally, we suggest that, in order to respond to such problems, precaution should find an appropriate translation in the fields of both research and innovation policy, of authorization policy and of economic policy.     

小城镇突发公共事件应急决策系统的研究

近年来,突发公共事件的应急研究是研究热点,但对小城镇却缺少应有的关注和重视.本文剖析了当前小城镇突发公共事件应急管理存在的弊端,简要介绍了小城镇突发公共事件应急决策系统的设计与实现,包括应急预案、历史灾情库和法律法规库三大功能.着重论述了小城镇突发公共事件应急流程和预案的框架要素,并分析了应急决策系统与小城镇应急管理体制的融合机制问题.     

引发公共灾害的缺陷产品TOD管理模式

缺陷产品造成的生命和财产损失是公共灾害之一.为了有效减少这一灾害,科学地管理好缺陷产品,提出了制造企业应基于的观念、管理、信息和技术四大平台,及构建TOD的缺陷产品管理模式,从时序、组织和决策三方面为企业提供科学依据.     

MONTANA'S EXPERIENCE IN RESERVING YELLOWSTONE RIVER WATER FOR INSTREAM BENEFICIAL USES - THE RESERVATION DECISION1

ABSTRACT: The Yellowstone River in Montana produces an abundant supply of high quality water, but in the early 1970's, the specter of mushrooming energy development in the drainage with its attendant demands for large volumes of water prompted this state to initiate steps to protect existing users and to control future water uses. A Water Use Act was passed in 1973, and a moratorium was subsequently placed on the granting of new permits for major diversion. During this moratorium, various governmental entities were given the opportunity to request the reservation of water for future beneficial uses, including instream purposes. An earlier paper described the reservation applications that were received by the state, and it also summarized the legal framework of the reservation process in Montana. Since that time, the responsible state agency has had the opportunity to review the reservation requests, and its final decision in this regard was announced in December of 1978. This paper describes the details of this decision. Basically, an attempt was made to preserve the integrity of the stream while also strengthening its agricultural uses. In addition, a portion of the flow was not earmarked which will provide some flexibility in reacting to future demands.     

略论长江开发的战略思想

当前长江开发所面临的最大问题是自然资源利用不合理所造成的资源严重浪费和生态环境恶化,其直接威胁到长江流域社会经济的可持续发展。长江流域既是我国自然资源的富集区,又是国民经济的核心主干区,其开发的成功与否直接关系到中国经济现代化的前途。因此,在经济体制与经济增长方式双重转型的过程中,长江的开发如何实现自然资源的利用与保护的相互协调,成为了我们的迫切需要解决的问题。     

小水电站环境影响评价中的公众参与

本文分析了小水电站建设对环境影响的特殊性，阐述对其环境影响评价中的公众参与的特殊内容，提出了公众参与的三种方式：公众个人问卷调查、基层组织调查、县(市)政府公共管理部门调查。     

EVALUATION OF CONSUMER NOTIFICATION UNDER THE SAFE DRINKING WATER ACT1

ABSTRACT: The Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 as amended in 1986 requires that consumers be notified when maximum contaminant levels are exceeded in their community water supply and when prescribed testing and treatment procedures are not met. A review of communication theory indicates that for the message to be effective (1) it must be received by the intended audience, (2) it must be attended to by that audience, (3) it must be understood, and (4) it must be accepted and acted upon. A review and analysis of existing research evaluating notification programs administered under the Safe Drinking Water Act indicates (1) that receipt rates have been highly, variable, (2) that attention to the message has usually not been directly assessed, (3) that levels of understanding, while variable, have usually been minimal, and (4) that acceptance, though not often directly measured, seemed higher than expected. These results, while critical of past notification programs, indicate that understanding and acceptance can be increased if receipt and attention rates are increased. The paper concludes with a series of recommendations for improving receipt and attention rates, for increasing understanding, and, most importantly, for increasing acceptance and community action for upgrading local water treatment and quality.     

EDUCATING THE RURAL PUBLIC ABOUT SAFE DRINKING WATER1

ABSTRACT: From 1984 to 1987, the Penn State Cooperative Extension Service conducted 40 safe drinking water clinics for more than 3000 rural homeowners. The clinics were developed to provide homeowners and farmers with information on managing their private water supplies. Four of the clinics were evaluated using a mail survey. By using a four part mailing, response rates of 63 to 77 percent were achieved. Based on the evaluation results of the four clinics, 11 of the 14 objectives dealing with information value, knowledge gained, and actions taken were met.     

Fire hazards at the urban-wildland interface: What the public expects

Urban-wildland issues have become among the most contentious and problematic issues for forest managers. Using data drawn from surveys conducted by the authors and others, this article discusses how public knowledge and perceptions of fire policies and fire hazards change over time, the kinds of policy responses homeowners prefer as a way of preventing fire hazards at the urban-wildland interface, and how citizens view their own obligations as participants in interface issues. These data show that public attitudes toward fire have changed significantly over the past two decades and that educating the public about fire and the managers' use of fire can have positive effects on behavior. Yet, modifying the individual's behavior in regard to interface fire risks must also deal with important issues of individual incentives, the distribution of costs, and unanticipated policy impacts.     

大型公共场所火灾风险评价指标体系(Ⅰ)--火灾事故因果分析

选择1998—2004年《中国火灾统计年鉴》中大型公共场所特大火灾事故的案例76起，结合事件树、故障树分析方法，分析了我国大型公共场所火灾事故的原因，得出了大型公共场所火灾事故因果分析图。