Effect of public opinion on national park planning in Turkey: A case study

National park plans are mainly prepared by a central planning team of the National Parks of Turkey. In this article, a model is presented that proposes a different approach to preparing national park plans. The study is based on a questionnaire distributed among the residents of the villages just outside a selected national park in Turkey and the relevant local and general authorities who are interested in the national park in their region, to find out the effect of public opinion on national park planning. Four basic strategies that represent the four main alternative approaches to forming policies in the planning of the park were identified. Respondents were asked to choose one and to suggest their own ideas. As this is a first attempt of such a study in Turkey, the results of the survey have been very encouraging. Therefore, this paper suggests that the assessment of public opinion should be borne in mind throughout the planning process in Turkey.     

PROBLEMS OF PUBLIC ACCESS TO WATER IN TEXAS LAKES AND STREAMS1

ABSTRACT: Rapidly increasing demand for recreational use of Texas' public waters is resulting in growing conflict between riparian landowners and the public. This paper examines the public access question, certainly one of the most poorly defined and understood areas of Texas water and property law. Since the appropriation acts of the late 1800's, most surface waters are owned by the state, and are held in trust for the benefit of the people. While there is no express statutory authority giving the general public the right to use these waters, there is extensive, if often conflicting, case law recognizing such rights on navigable streams. It is equally well established that the public may not gain access by crossing private property. Definition of public and private rights is complicated by the fact that Texas land grants (with their attendant property rights) have emanated from Spain, Mexico, the Republic of Texas, and the state. Obstacles imposed by riparian landowners to public entry, use and passage, as well as spatial aspects of access, are also considered. Because public access rights are based on the peculiar circumstances of each case, it is difficult to establish general legal principles, and there is almost no reliable information to aid the recreation-seeking public. A clear legislative enunciation of public rights appears politically infeasible at present, the most immediately attainable goal lying in the area of better public education.     

IDENTIFYING CRITICAL ISSUES IN RECREATION PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT: IMPROVING THE MANAGEMENT-RESEARCH PARTNERSHIP1

ABSTRACT: The “nominal group” process is a proven technique to systematically arrive at a consensus about critical information needs in recreation planning and management. Using this process, 41 managers who attended a 1983 conference on river management identified 114 specific information needs grouped under 11 general questions. Clearly, some concerns of administrators are researchable; many are not.     

PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN WATER PLANNING: A CRITIQUE OF THEORY,DOCTRINE, AND PRACTICE1

ABSTRACT. Water development planning has virtually since its beginnings over one hundred fifty years ago utilized a variety of devices for involving segments of the public. But a new insistence for increased public participation, particularly at the Federal level, has stimulated re-examination of objectives and methods for relating water planning to citizen interests and preferences. Involved is partly a recommitment to democratic symbols, partly a recognition that segments of society have been overlooked, and partly a reaction to the pressures of confrontation and demonstration. The rhetoric and polemics of participation have often implied a kind of “town-meeting” process of decision, difficult at best in a nation of 200 million. In water planning more emphasis has been placed on listening to citizens, which has meant providing opportunities for influentials to express their views and preferences. A more adequate approach would seem to require identification of all who are significantly affected by plans and proposals (even though they may not perceive then-interest). But gaining greater participation does not make the planning job easier. It may increase tension and conflict; it may require difficult choices; and it can alter existing power relationships and generate changes with considerable consequences for the agency and its programs.     

ACHIEVING PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT IN THE CORPS OF ENGINEERS,WATER RESOURCES PLANNING1

ABSTRACT Public interest in all governmental agency planning has increased greatly in recent years. The program of the Corps of Engineers for obtaining direct public input to its water resources planning is described. Implementing policies, guidelines, and activities are summarized. Experiences with public involvement are discussed. Some basic problems that have surfaced in carrying out the program are cited.     

PLANNERS AS A PUBLIC IN WATER RESOURCES PUBLIC PARTICIPATION PROGRAMS1

This paper suggests a number of benefits in identifying urban and regional planners as a public in public participation programs of water resources planning studies. A perspective on public participation is presented. Recent trends and developing concepts are identified: emphasis on the need to coordinate urban and regional planning activities with water resources planning, increasing system complexity, the goals and objectives orientation of planning, planning for multi-objectives, the evaluation of a broader range of alternatives, and the consideration of water alternatives as only one set of measures to further society's aspirations. One way to assist in capitalizing on these trends is to seek out participation of those in other planning efforts who are involved in planning but on a different level. Because of their intimate knowledge of an areas history, growth and development, political climate, local perceptions of needs and desires, and major problems and issues they are able to contribute a great deal of insight in making the water resources planning effort more responsive at the local level. The paper describes one of the first major efforts at working-level public-planner contact which was carried out as part of the Susquehanna River Basin Study. A regional survey team comprised of an engineer and an economist from a federal agency and a state water resources planner met informally with planners, city managers, and local planning commissions to discuss issues related to water resources and the growth and development of local areas. This effort while only part of the overall public participation program yielded a number of benefits and if expanded and refined would be a very useful experience in other studies.     

基于地震与危化品突发事件耦合影响的人员转移安置点设置

通过对目前人员疏散转移安置点设置研究现状和问题及城镇化工园区集约发展安全隐患的分析,提出了突发事件耦合影响下人员转移安置点综合规划的必要性。首先分析了典型危化品园区内突发事件耦合的典型模式、影响特性,并基于突发事件耦合特性、影响区域提出了耦合突发事件下人员转移安置点规划的安全性、可达性、适宜性的14个关键影响因素,给出了各指标量化的标准。基于加权灰色关联法和事故影响评估方法,提出了一套安置点适宜性评估筛选、新增安置点规划的方法,给出了安置点规划的流程。利用改进的Voronoi图方法确定安置点的覆盖半径和责任服务区,进行安置点容量与责任区内核密度人口容量的对比分析,以确定安置点人口容量缺口。结合安置点可达性、安全性、适宜性进行叠加划分,确定新增安置点规划位置。最后以某区示范应用,阐述其规划应用方法和流程。以区域内安置点最大全覆盖原则,得到了在地震灾害影响下城镇人员可能受危化品泄漏威胁区域,以及区域安置点的缺口及规划方案。     

基于时间的进场航班效率评估方法研究

终端区作为空中交通的起讫点,是拥堵、延误的多发区,其运行效率对航班整体的运行效率至关重要。欧洲航行安全组织(EUROCONTROL)采用畅通进场时间(Unimpeded AMSA Time)作为量化进场效率的标杆。我国目前还没有明确的进场效率量化指标,因此可以借鉴畅通进场时间这个指标来评估进场效率。以首都机场为研究对象,首先对进港航班ADS-B数据进行预处理来计算进场时间,然后利用K-means聚类算法对航班进行分组,运用回归分析法找寻与终端区拥挤程度关联性最强的解释变量,提出关于畅通航班拥挤阈值的方法来计算畅通进场时间,最后用时间效率指标对进场效率进行评估,得出5月首都机场的进场效率为83. 39%,可为进场效能评估提供参考。     

人工煤气管道萘沉积量预测方法及影响因素研究

为了研究人工煤气管道内萘沉积量的预测方法及其影响因素,以昆明人工煤气输气干管为例,结合TGNET软件模拟输气干管的运行工况(选用BWRS状态方程,Colebrook-White流动方程)计算管内萘沉积量,通过改变模型参数(地温、输气温度及输送压力)分析萘沉积量的影响因素。结果表明:1)萘沉积量预测方法的计算结果与实际情况的相对误差仅为3.36%,方法可行;2)饱和萘含量随地温降低而降低,随管道输送压力降低而升高,随管道输送温度降低而降低,且管内外温差越大,萘沉积量越大;3)温度变化是造成人工煤气管道中萘沉积并堵塞管道的主要原因,建议在煤气进入城市管网前先对其作降温处理,冬季在弯管、调压器等易出现萘沉积的部位添加保温设施以维持管内温度。     

地铁十字换乘车站全尺寸实验研究:I.站厅火灾

为了全面了解在不同通风模式下地铁十字换乘车站站厅火灾发展规律,通过在8A编组地铁十字换乘车站公共站厅层开展1 MW规模的全尺寸火灾实验,对不同通风模式下换乘地铁车站站厅层公共区火灾场景下的烟气前锋到达时间、烟气扩散与沉降范围和楼扶梯处温度等参数进行分析研究。研究结果表明:在换乘线路A线站厅层发生火灾时,受到出入口自然风以及站厅层空间结构的影响,站厅内形成了由站厅北侧向南侧方向的风压,有效抑制了烟气向B线站厅扩散;通风排烟系统能够有效降低烟气扩散速率,控制烟气扩散范围和沉降高度;针对此类结构车站站厅的防排烟设计,应综合考虑通风、出入口位置和空间构筑物对火灾烟气扩散的影响,确保火灾过程中人员疏散路径和楼扶梯处烟气层高度和烟气温度处于安全水平。