Health impact assessment of Roma housing policies in Central and Eastern Europe: A comparative analysis

Marginalised Roma communities in European countries live in substandard housing conditions the improvement of which has been one of the major issues of the Decade of Roma Inclusion, the ongoing intergovernmental European Roma programme. The paper presents EU-funded health impact assessments of national Roma housing policies and programmes in 3 Central and Eastern European countries in light of the evaluation of a completed local project in a fourth CEE country so as to compare predicted effects to observed ones. Housing was predicted to have beneficial health effects by improving indoor and outdoor conditions, access to services, and socioeconomic conditions. Negative impacts were predicted only in terms of maintenance expenses and housing tenure. However, observed impacts of the completed local project did not fully support predictions especially in terms of social networks, satisfaction with housing and neighbourhood, and inhabitant safety. In order to improve the predictive value of HIA, more evidence should be produced by the careful evaluation of locally implemented housing projects. In addition, current evidence is in favour of planning Roma housing projects at the local rather than at the national level in alignment with the principle of subsidiarity.     

Media Context and Reporting Opportunities on Climate Change: 2012 versus 1988

This paper asks why the extreme real-world weather events of the summer of 1988 created a social scare in the USA while the comparable weather impacts of 2012 did not. It uses these two summers to exemplify the importance of the broader context surrounding the media. The key background factors are: the dominant issue culture in which the media function; grassroots environmental social movements; and both political and scientific claims-making on climate change. The paper seeks to show that these factors affected reporting opportunities related to the formation of reproducing stories and the (investigative) stance assumed by the media.     

Audience Response to Values-based Marketplace Advocacy by the Fossil Fuel Industries

A form of issue advocacy, marketplace advocacy campaigns often arise in response to burgeoning societal concerns, especially those faced by energy industries. Although these campaigns may include brief and selective references to corporate activities, most campaigns place a much stronger emphasis on commonly shared societal values. This study examines audience response to values-based environmental marketplace advocacy messages by the fossil fuel industries through a series of focus groups. Four instrumental values were identified in campaign videos (innovation, community, resilience, and patriotism), and the terminal value of pragmatism, especially as it relates to environmental issues, was identified as a result of identification with one or more of the instrumental values. The findings are discussed through the lens of extant research on marketplace advocacy and organizational values as well as Habermas's theory of refuedalization, shedding light on the ways corporations appeal to commonly held societal values in an effort to generate support for a given industry.     

界遗产“突出的普遍价值”及其游客感知研究

成为世界遗产仅是遗产保护和价值阐释、传播的起点,但世界遗产“突出的普遍价值”(OUV)的评价问题一直存在着全球视野和本土意境下的阐释差异.文章以中国进入世界遗产名录和预备名录的三清山、九寨沟、江南水乡为例,阐释突出的普遍价值OtV(概念+十项评估标准+完整性和/或原真性+足够的保护和管理机制),提出了将国际语境与本土语境有机结合的OUV评价新标准.首先,OUV虽然是联合国教科文组织UNESCO在评选世界遗产时的主要依据,但在挣脱国家界限特别是要求当事国按照OUV的标准、惯例进行管理的过程中,存在价值丢失的问题.其次,虽然OUV是由UNESCO的专家委员会进行评价和比较分析得出(显然定性、无分值的),但通过强化量表设计过程的逻辑判断和理性对待信度和效度问题,OUV可以通过liket量表进行测量,结果显示OUV能够被公众理解和欣赏.再次,OUV的专家评价和公众评价既存在共性特征,亦存在差异特征(即价值丢失部分),并表现为不同的用途,遗产地的管理者如能将OUV的世界语境与本土化语境有机结合,能够避免价值丢失问题的出现.建议三清山在“奇峰怪石、峡谷幽云、植被生态、高空栈道”的OUV世界语境基础上,同样需要重视“道教名山”的本土化语境.建议江南水乡严格保护水乡古镇的外围水乡地域环境,它们对于理解江南水乡的OUV,特别是其完整性、原真性的必然要求都是不可或缺的.遗产地的管理者同样需要综合看待专家评价和公众评价.江南水乡案例生动的诠释,专家评价有其科学性和严肃性,“建构的原真性”、“后现代的原真性”,亦或是“存在的原真性”,它们永远不可能替代“客观的原真性”.考虑到OUV的阐释,公众评价同样有着重要的用途,特别是其社会教育意义、精神信仰和国家认同意义等.     

模糊环境下的城市公共基础设施投资评价研究

公共基础设施是城市经济运行的支撑体系和物质载体,提高它的利用效益已经成为实现城市经济、社会和环境可持续发展的关键。政府资金的投入对促进公共基础设施建设有至关重要的作用。公共基础设施资金分配已成为城市发展的重要问题,如何将有限的资金合理地投资给不同的城市建设企业是公共管理领域研究的核心内容。本文根据公共基础设施投资建设环境的模糊性,通过使用三角模糊数,在引入交易成本的基础上,考虑了城市公共基础设施带来的经济、社会、环境影响,建立了基于模糊环境下的公共基础设施投资组合模型,使得在给定风险最大容忍水平的前提下,追求政府资金收益最大化。本文将公共基础设施投资组合模型运用到北京、天津、上海、重庆四大直辖市的城市建设投资公司中,在考虑公共基础设施投资数量因素的影响下得到了2000-2013年的最优投资比例。研究结果显示:国家一直将北京作为重点投资城市,在受到2008年北京奥运会的影响下,其它三市的投资比例逐渐减少,并在2012-2013年期间北京的投资比率达到了64.41%,这对天津和重庆的影响最大,特别是在2012-2013年期间天津的投资比率降到了5.22%。在四大直辖市中,上海的公共基础设施数量一直占有相当的优势,加上世博会的影响,上海的投资比例在2000-2011年期间一直保持稳定上升。综上可见,北京和上海仍然是国家重点建设城市,为了全面加快城市建设,应该在抓重点城市发展的同时加大对偏远地区的新型城镇化的投资建设支持,发挥好政府投资的带动作用。     

中国实施规划环评可能出现的问题及其解决方法

目前在我国实施规划环境影响评价存在2种方式,即自我评价和第三方评价.本文分别就其适用对象、介入规划的时机等问题进行了探讨,认为自我评价可以更好地实现 "早期介入"、"多方案比选、优化"等规划环评的重要原则.同时,还对替代方案的概念、作用,规划环评的方法及公众参与在规划环评中的作用等问题进行了初步探讨.     

公共资源类旅游景区水环境承载力研究 ——以武汉市东湖风景区为例

公共资源类旅游景区水环境受到社会经济系统和旅游系统两方面影响,本文通过选取人口、GDP、灌溉面积、游客量、宾馆日接待人数、TP、COD、BOD等指标,构建水环境承载力多目标模型.同时,选取水果湖、汤菱湖和郭郑湖3个子湖对东湖风景区水环境承载力进行评价,并运用层次分析法(AHP)确定各指标对东湖风景区水环境承载力的权重,采用典型水环境承载力概念模型计算了2011年武汉市东湖风景区水环境承载力.结果表明,东湖风景区水资源承载力表现为灌溉面积和GDP承载度超标,而人口和旅游指标承载度未达到饱和,水质承载力各指标的承载度超标.水果湖、汤菱湖和郭郑湖的水环境承载力分别为4.03、3.86、3.95,均大大超出负荷.     

中西方国家环境影响评价中公众参与制度的对比分析

阐明了环境影响评价中公众参与的定义及特点,对中西方国家环境影响评价中公众参与的起源、法律规定、形式、内容与要求等方面进行了对比分析,并对我国公众参与制度的完善提出了建议。     

公众对耕地保护及多功能价值的认知与参与意愿研究——基于浙江省苍南县的实证分析

通过参与性访谈对苍南县214名调查对象进行了分层随机抽样调查,研究了公众对耕地保护及其多功能价值的认知与参与意愿,并根据受访者所从事行业将其分为非农和农业两组对象进行比较分析.结果表明:土地政策的稳定性和长效性,以及农业收益高低是影响农户耕地保护和投资的主要因素.公众耕地保护意识较强,超过85%的受访者认为保护耕地很重要.但公众对于耕地保护的支付意愿不高,这点在农业受访者中表现尤为突出.公众对于耕地多功能性的认知存在较大的不足和误区,尤其是对耕地的生态功能方面的认识.通过逻辑回归分析发现,公众的文化程度、年龄和所从事的行业是影响他们对耕地保护及其多功能性认知与参与意愿的主要因素.     

GIS技术在土地利用规划公众参与中应用的研究进展

介绍了G IS技术在土地利用规划中公众参与的发展、概念和研究进展,以及在土地利用规划中应用的一些探讨,提出了我们可以借鉴西方的经验将G IS技术逐步应用于我国的公众参与工作,具体可在确定发展目标和规划方案优选两个阶段应用.