基于自适应灰色面板聚类的城市公共安全风险测度*

为科学评估城市公共安全风险,基于“脆弱性—能力”综合评估框架从公共安全风险事件维度入手,构建城市公共安全风险评估指标体系;选取2015—2019年与脆弱性和风险承载能力相关的22个指标,采用改进后的自适应灰色面板聚类从绝对量、增量和波动量3方面进行测度。聚类结果将全国城市的公共安全风险水平分为6个类型;基于研究结果进一步分析造成不同类型特征的原因,明确各城市公共安全管理存在的薄弱点,提出相关改进建议。研究结果表明:北京和上海在3个层面上均有较好表现,属于低风险城市;全国大部分地区呈现出绝对量水平中等或较差,增量和波动量水平较好的特征。     

The role of public involvement in environmental impact assessment in Vietnam: towards a more culturally sensitive approach

This paper explores the extent to which Western approaches to public involvement in environmental impact assessment (EIA) have been transferred to Vietnam, constraints on their use, and their appropriateness for the Vietnamese context. The research is based on an analysis of the public involvement content found in 26 EIA reports from development banks and interviews with 26 key informants. The study found that public involvement in Vietnam is generally technocratic, expert-driven and non-transparent, similar to the early days of EIA in the West and emerging economies. Public involvement usually occurs through authorised state channels such as commune leaders, mass organisations and professional organisations. The lack of a participatory culture for EIA, the nascent nature of grassroots democracy in the country, and Vietnamese cultural norms regarding respect for authority provide a challenging context for involving the public in EIA. The paper concludes by offering a number of suggestions for culturally appropriate public involvement at a time when Vietnam has just introduced mandatory public consultation for EIAs.     

游览性公共场所人员拥堵缓解策略的仿真模拟

为研究公共场所人群聚集情况下不同人员拥堵缓解管理策略的实施效果,在分析游客游览行为影响因素的基础上,以北京动物园熊猫馆为研究对象,通过实地调研获得场馆结构、游客数量和游客游览过程等基本信息,以此作为应用STEPS软件进行人员拥堵缓解策略仿真模拟的必要条件,从客流总量控制和游览模式控制2个方面重点研究了4种拥堵缓解策略的实施效果。模拟结果表明:在高峰时期大客流情况下,延缓检票时间模式明显优于分批检票入场模式;延缓检票时间模式与单向游览模式相结合,可以增加场馆内游客游览的有序性,但由于游客游览行为受到限制,会在局部造成拥堵;延缓检票时间模式与路线引导护栏模式相结合有利于减轻局部拥堵。不同的拥堵缓解策略能够影响客流总数和客流分布,有效的拥堵缓解策略能够降低公共场所的客流聚集风险。     

规划环境影响评价中公众参与方法实践与探讨

规划环评是我国环评领域的一个新方向，公众参与是规划环评中的一个重要组成部分。从实践出发，以浙江省2010年电力发展规划及2020年展望的能源类规划环评为案例，对专项规划环评的公众参与作了初步探讨。并提出了提高专项规划环境影响评价公众参与有效性的建议。     

Siting landfills and incinerators in areas of historic unpopularity: Surveying the views of the next generation

The Campania Region in Southern Italy has suffered many problems with municipal solid waste management since the mid-1990s, leading to significant public disturbances and subsequent media coverage. This paper reports on the current views and knowledge of young people (university students) in this region about waste management operations and facilities, specifically the siting of landfills and incinerators. By means of a structured questionnaire, opinion and knowledge were systematically examined by degree type and course year. The study took place in 2011 at the University of Salerno campus. A sample of 900 students, comprising 100 students for each of the nine considered faculties, and 20 students for every academic course year, was randomly selected. Only about a quarter of respondents were not opposed to the siting of a landfill or an incinerator in their city. This clearly highlights that historic opposition to the construction of waste facilities is difficult to overcome and that distrust for previous poor management or indiscretions is long-lived and transcends generations. Students from technical faculties expressed the most reasonable opinion; opinion and knowledge were statistically related (Chi-square test, p < 0.05) to the attended faculty, and the knowledge grew linearly with progression through the university. This suggests that awareness of waste management practices develops with experience and understanding of environmental issues. There is general acceptance that many stakeholders – technicians, politicians and citizens – all have to be part of the decision process when siting a new waste management facility. The opinions of the young respondents were significantly influenced by their level of environmental knowledge.     

环境新闻是提升公众环境意识的重要途径

环境新闻因与人的切身利益关系密切而备受关注,其传播提高了公众的环境意识。文中探讨了环境新闻的目的和特点,阐述了在当前环境形势下,公众期待新闻媒体在环境保护中扮演怎样的角色,以及如何提高环境新闻报道营造社会良好舆论的几种途径。     

公共管理与公众参与策略：于桥水库水质改善项目

环境问题是在人类的发展与资源的开发过程中产生的 ,是多种因素综合作用的结果 ,解决任何一个环境问题都将涉及到若干部门和公众 ,决不是一个部门所能完全胜任的。因此 ,采用公共管理与公众参与的模式解决环境问题 ,是改善环境质量的必然途径 ,是一个政府环境管理能力的综合体现。文章阐述了公共管理与公众参与的内涵、目标、目的、基本原则和实施程序等。     

农业生产对土壤盐渍化影响的经济分析

研究农业生产活动对土壤盐渍化的负面影响,有利于合理安排农业公共投资,促进生产与环境协调发展。在介绍我国土壤盐渍化概况的基础上,利用相关文献分析影响土壤盐渍化的不同因素,同时利用省级Panel数据和计量模型进一步探索农业生产活动对土壤盐渍化的影响。结果表明,灌溉程度、单位钾肥投入会对土壤盐渍化产生显著影响。单位耕地上灌溉面积越多,耕地发生盐渍化的概率也越高;同时单位面积上钾肥使用量越高,耕地发生盐渍化的概率也越高。此外,还在统计意义上发现排灌对抑制土壤盐渍化具有明显作用。因此,针对农业生产活动对农业生态环境可能造成的负面影响,进一步提出应该在增加农业公共投资的背景下,加强农业基础设施的建设,引导农户采用合理的农业生产方式,以协调我国农业生产与农业生态环境的和谐发展。     

Green procurement in Norway; a survey of practices at the municipal and county level

Consumer pressure is usually considered as one of the major drivers for more environmental friendly products. During the last decade an increasing focus on public procurement has emerged as an important contributor to that pressure. In this paper we focus on the role of municipalities and counties in green public procurement. Based on surveys we investigate to what degree green public procurement is implemented in Norwegian municipalities and counties and which capabilities are critical for successful green procurement. We both investigate to what degree environmental information is requested in call for tenders and also to what degree the information is actually used in the final selection of supplier. The information gathered from the municipalities and counties is compared with information obtained from potential suppliers to see if suppliers and purchasers agree on the importance of environmental demands in the selection of suppliers.     

Sustainable development in the Spanish region of Valencia and the social responsibility of SMEs. A multi-stakeholder vision on the role of public administrations

The complexity associated with the public and private management of sustainable development is causing the increasing involvement of various European Union governments in issues related to the social responsibility of organisations. However, the debate about the nature of this involvement is still open. The study here shows the results of a survey conducted in the Spanish region of Valencia among businesses and social agents, paying special attention to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). The outcomes of the interviews display the nascent state of CSR implementation both in the companies of the region and the government initiatives related to encouraging the development of the concept.