公共治理与村庄自治视角下农户土地产权认知的形成

农村土地确权登记是国家赋权的重要举措,农户对国家赋权的主观认知则建构了政策实施的重要基础。为辨析不同治理层面国家赋权对农户产权认知的影响特征及其差异性,本文通过理论分析和实证考察相结合的方式,采用引入"国家赋权×农户行为能力"交叉项的Probit模型和Oprobit模型,并利用苏、赣、辽三省2 477户农户的调查数据经验分析了农村土地确权登记在公共治理和村庄自治层面对不同行为能力的农户产权认知的影响。在此基础上,通过求解不同主体行为能力下国家赋权对农户土地产权认知的偏效应,识别了治理层次与主体行为能力的互动特征。研究结果表明,国家赋权更易提高农户对公共治理领域的土地产权安全感知,且对行为能力较强的农户产权安全感知的激励作用大于行为能力较弱的农户,具有典型的主体"歧视性"。经验结果表明,国家赋权更易提高农户对公共治理领域的土地产权安全感知;其次,国家赋权在村庄自治层面对直接行为能力较弱农户的产权安全感知的抑制作用大于直接行为能力较强的农户,但在公共治理层面则对直接行为能力和间接行为能力较强农户的产权安全感知均具有更强的正向激励。为此,本文认为政策改革需关注公共治理和村庄自治层面国家赋权的实施差异及避免主体歧视,产权认知领域的研究则需综合考虑国家赋权、社会规范和主体行为能力三个层次的内在关联。     

食品安全网络舆情中网民微博转发行为影响因素研究——以上海福喜事件为例

食品安全网络舆情是公众参与食品安全监管的重要平台,若不加以科学的监管与引导,极易引发食品安全恐慌心理,甚至危害社会稳定。微博是食品安全网络舆情中重要的自媒体平台,主要通过微博转发行为扩散舆情事件的影响,推动舆情事件的发展。为了深入分析食品安全网络舆情中网民微博转发行为,本文以上海福喜事件为例,在事件发展与关注度分析的基础上,通过采集上海福喜事件的新浪微博数据,并运用多项Logistic回归模型展开分析,探讨网民在食品安全网络舆情中转发行为的特征与主要影响因素。研究结果表明,对于仅有主帖内容的微博(类型Ⅰ微博),发帖者微博的粉丝数、微博数、认证情况以及发帖者微博内容的情感倾向、是否有链接、是否有视频对其微博的被转发次数有显著影响;对于转发了他人内容的微博(类型Ⅱ微博),发帖者微博的粉丝数、微博数、认证情况、被转发者微博的粉丝数、被转发次数、被转发者微博内容是否有链接对发帖者微博的被转发次数有显著影响;基于上述结论,提出如下政策建议:具有较高粉丝数与微博数的微博用户所发布的微博影响力更大,应进一步加强对该类微博用户的关注,尤其是一些微博"大V";同时,应进一步发挥官方认证微博在舆论引导方面的积极作用;在舆论引导的过程中,可以通过诸如同时发布相关链接、视频等方式,提高微博内容形式的多元化程度,以增强微博的影响力;此外,在发布微博的过程中,客观、公正地表明态度立场,也是提高微博舆论引导作用的重要方面。     

论环境公共决策中风险沟通的法律实现——以预防型环境群体性事件为视角

当前我国环境群体性事件呈高发态势。根据引发事件事实状态的不同可将其分为事前预防型环境群体性事件和事后救济型环境群体性事件。预防型环境群体性事件中公众所抵制的是有关环境风险的决策结果,实质上是在主张环境公共决策过程中认知风险的权利。着眼于预防型环境群体性事件所针对的环境公共决策过程,主要运用理论分析、规范分析、比较分析的方法,从行政决策权的行使与公众参与权利的实现入手,探究环境公共决策无法取得实质合法性的根源,寻求化解之法治路径。当前环境公共决策在结构和程序上呈现出封闭性,与决策结果具有直接利害关系的公众被排除在外,其认知风险的权利得不到有效实现,风险沟通不畅导致社会可接受的风险共识不能形成,环境公共决策无法取得实质合法性,引发预防型环境群体性事件增多。由于环境风险的不确定性特征,环境公共决策中专家的理性地位被动摇,公众参与环境决策的诉求更为强烈,其对风险的认知直接决定了对最终决策结果的认可和接受程度,政府无法独占风险决策地位。在社会层面形成具体风险认知的共识以便决策结果获得普遍的认同和接受成为环境公共决策取得实质合法性的必要条件。化解预防型环境群体性事件,需要在环境公共决策过程中进行有效的风险沟通。为此,环境法应当将公众作为环境决策的合作者,要求决策者主动、全面公开决策所依据的事实和理由,对公众意见给予及时充分的回应,寻求其理解和支持;实现环境信息公开的风险沟通功能;通过程序性的设计促进风险沟通的实现,保障公众参与的有效性。当前有关立法已反映出对风险沟通的重视,但只是萌芽。     

Assessing participatory and multi-level characteristics of biodiversity and landscape protection legislation: the case of Poland

In this paper, we present a comprehensive framework for analysing formal rules regulating the involvement of various actors in protected areas decision-making over time and apply it to Poland. Based on the analysis of legal acts and policy documents, we suggest that since the democratic transition started in 1989, the governance of Polish protected areas has been increasingly multi-level and participatory. However, different designations indicate different levels of involvement by non-state actors, with Natura 2000 standing out from the traditional protected areas. Regarding governance issues, establishing and taking management decisions were characterised by the greatest changes in actors’ involvement. While participation of non-public actors is still limited mostly to information and consultation, the involvement of non-state public actors of various levels increased significantly. The paper highlights the importance of a systematic analysis of legal rules as a starting point for empirical investigation of the governance of protected areas.     

“They give you lots of information,but ignore what it's really about”: residents' experiences with the planned introduction of a new high-voltage power line

Cases of strong local opposition to the planned introduction of new high-voltage power lines (HVPLs) have been documented in the past. During and after the planning process for a new HVPL, local residents will be informed about the siting process and its outcomes. Although it has been suggested in the literature that this communication plays an important role in residents' responses to a new HVPL, it has been rarely empirically studied. In this qualitative study, we conducted in-depth interviews with 15 residents about their experiences with the planned introduction of a new HVPL near their homes. Thematic analysis revealed that residents' experiences were centred around negative expectations of living near the new HVPL and perceived injustice of the planning process and its outcomes. Residents' perception that communication was not tailored to their information needs played a significant role in these negative experiences. Suggestions for improving communication will be discussed.     

An assessment of public engagement for access management planning in southwestern Alberta,Canada

This paper describes efforts to bridge the gap between the existing research and proposed recreation access management for public lands in southwestern Alberta, Canada. Recreation access management has been identified as a complex problem and public consultation is one element in addressing the complexity. An Internet-based survey (n = 945) examined the acceptability and desirability of public consultation processes to assist with access management planning. Non-parametric tests indicate significant differences in desirability of public consultation types existed for all variables except gender. Respondents expressed the desire for a diversity of public consultation approaches with a strong preference for face-to-face field visits. Mechanisms for engagement in access management planning should be based on public consultation preferences to ensure broad, on going engagement and subsequent user acceptance and compliance.     

Partnerships and governance at the environment–health nexus in Ontario: lessons from five case examples

The move towards partnerships and collaborative governance models has been advocated in global health discussions for many years now. A case example methodology was applied to this study. It was composed of a document review and semi-structured interviews with key informants from five environment and public health partnerships in the province of Ontario, Canada. These case examples highlight the merits and the challenges of diverse partnerships, and the importance of governance and leadership models, scaling up (and out) impact, and cross-cultural communications to these arrangements. Further work is required to articulate situations in which public health partnerships can be strengthened.     

Predicting Sample Source Location from Soil Analysis Using Neural Networks

A system combining a national soils database with a neural network was developed for prediction of source location for soil samples. The neural network was trained to predict environmental characteristics, which can be of crucial importance to investigating officers in a police operation or to environmental agencies attempting to locate the source of a pollutant. When coupled with maps of environmental conditions and a generalized opinion pool approach, the system was used to produce weighted maps of source location. The system was capable of reducing search areas of a sample source to less than 0.1% of the total area.     

公民问责于矿业环境管制的路径选择

经济发展导致矿业环境受到污染和破坏的趋势得不到遏制,其中很大原因是没有发挥民众的力量.因矿业环境的公众产品属性而彰显市场失灵,必须通过政府管制以弥补市场的不足.但是政府因信息滞后和官员寻租等现象而导致政府失灵,必须通过民众参与以监督政府.民众问责是监督政府矿业环境管制的主要形式,责任政府是应当接受问责的政府.拓宽问责渠道、创新社会管理、健全法律制度等是矿业社区民众问责政府的改革方向.     

论公共文化环境建设的资源管理机制

通过对相关文献资料的梳理和分析,以安徽省财政支持公共文化服务体系建设为例,运用定量和定性研究相结合的方法,在充分的问卷调查及实地调研的基础上,总结了我国公共文化建设资源投入机制的实践与制度经验,指出了公共文化建设在资源投入及管理方面所存在的主要问题:财政投入的实际效益低下、资源保障机制不科学、公共文化服务软件投入不足、公共文化服务资源管理体制的结构性矛盾等.有鉴于此,文章分别从宏观与微观层面探讨了如何构建公共文化服务良性运行的资源管理机制,基于宏观政策与制度设计层面提出:创新公共文化建设资源管理的政策支持方式,建立基层公共文化服务的长效机制,构筑公共文化环境建设的资源分级保障机制,完善公共文化建设的人才环境,创设公共文化环境建设的资源整合机制,实施公共文化服务的运行评估与绩效评价机制.基于微观对策与措施层面提出:科学地确定现阶段公共文化建设的资源保障重点并明确各级财政的投入范围和基本保障的支出责任,转变公共文化财政资金的投入方式,改变公共文化环境建设的资源投入结构,完善公共文化建设的资金管理方式,等等.