表面活性剂对Bacillus pumilus strain Bap9降解苯并[a]芘的影响

研究了非离子型表面活性剂Triton X-100（TX-100）和Tween80（TW-80）对苯并[a]芘的增溶特性及对苯并[a]芘高效降解菌Bacillus pumilus strain Bap9生长的影响,结果表明,2种表面活性剂对苯并[a]芘均有良好的增溶效果,均能作为碳源和能源被菌株Bap9所利用,TX-100增溶能力和增殖能力相对更强;不同浓度的TX-100对菌株降解苯并[a]芘的影响不同,当浓度为1 000 mg/L时,对降解的促进作用最强,可将苯并[a]芘降解率提高20.8%;在苯并[a]芘降解过程中,TX-100亦能作为碳源被菌株Bap9利用,不产生二次污染,因此可用于苯并[a]芘污染环境的生物修复。     

苯并[a]芘厌氧降解的苯酚共基质协同作用与污泥微生物特性

苯并[a]芘(Ba P)是焦化废水中PAHs的典型代表,也是行业优先控制的污染物,其微生物响应特性以及降解的促进方法值得研究;新建焦化废水处理工程的调试运行,接种的污泥多来源于市政污泥或其他焦化厂的污泥,目前缺乏不同污泥微生物特性、有效性及其影响条件的考察.针对上述观点,选用厌氧反应器,分别采集某焦化废水处理厂以及市政污水处理厂的厌氧活性污泥,研究比较市政污泥和焦化污泥对Ba P的耐受及降解能力,以10 mg·L~(-1)的Ba P为唯一碳源及添加苯酚作为共基质,进行Ba P的微生物降解与动力学实验,用高通量测序技术分析了两种污泥在降解实验前后的微生物群落结构,阐明其变化.研究结果表明:两种污泥都能降解Ba P,苯酚共基质促进了降解效果;市政污泥的降解效率要好于焦化污泥,以Ba P为唯一碳源时,市政污泥和焦化污泥的半衰期分别为116.3 d、155.41 d,加入苯酚后,半衰期分别为38.44 d、81.25 d;群落测序分析表明,两种污泥经Ba P驯化后,群落组成都发生了较大变化,市政污泥变化远大于焦化污泥;焦化污泥经Ba P驯化后,微生物的优势菌属和驯化前差别不大,且其优势菌属都是已经报道的能够降解PAHs的菌属;市政污泥经过同样的驯化以后,微生物的优势菌属和驯化前差别较大,丰度占比最大的并不是常见的PAHs降解菌类;作为PAHs的常见降解菌属,Bacillus sp.、Pseudomonas、Achromobacter以及Sphingomonas sp.在两种污泥中均能被鉴定出来,其百分含量比较靠前.综合研究结果认为,未经过焦化废水毒性抑制的市政污泥在对Ba P的利用上更活跃,被理解为是更多种类的微生物参与到了对污染物的降解;苯酚的存在会促进Ba P等PAHs的降解,获得的启示是富集了PAHs的焦化污泥排出系统后可以通过生活污水与苯酚的共同添加实现减量化处理.     

溶解性有机质对芘在土壤中吸附解吸的影响

从腐解不同阶段的水稻秸秆提取溶解性有机质(DOM),用DAX-8树脂分组的方法分析了其亲疏水性,并研究了提取到的DOM对芘在土壤中吸附-解吸行为的影响.结果表明,随秸秆腐解时间的延长,产生DOM中亲水性组分减少,疏水性组分增多.在本试验所研究的吸附解吸实验条件下,芘在土壤中的吸附解吸均可用线性方程进行描述.加入DOM后,芘的吸附受到显著抑制(p0.01),并且随腐解时间延长,抑制作用增强;芘在土壤中存在解吸迟滞现象,加入DOM后迟滞现象减弱,促进了芘在土壤中的解吸.随腐解作用的进行,DOM促进芘解吸的作用增强,解吸迟滞系数减小.这是由于随秸秆腐解作用的进行,产生DOM中疏水性组分含量增多,其对芘的增溶作用增强所致.     

人尿中1—羟基芘与空气中多环芳烃的定量关系

本文对不同采样点人尿中的1-羟基芘含量和受试人携带的个体空气采样器中以及所在环境中固定采样器中多环芳烃的浓度进行了测定。数理统计结果表明,尿中1-羟基芘与个体采样器中的芘或苯并(a)芘有显著的正相关。个体采样器的测定结果较客观地反映了受试人吸入空气中多环芳烃的浓度,证明尿中1-羟基芘在人体接触多环芳烃的健康风险评价中,是一个有效的生物监测指标。     

菲和芘对蚯蚓(Eisenia fetida)细胞色素P450和抗氧化酶系的影响

研究了菲和芘在单一低剂量污染胁迫下对蚯蚓(Eisenia fetida)体内细胞色素P450酶系和抗氧化酶系的影响.通过滤纸接触染毒法,检测蚯蚓细胞色素P450含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性.结果表明,在供试浓度范围内,蚯蚓体内细胞色素P450含量和三种抗氧化酶活性均对毒物产生了不同程度的响应.菲和芘在蚯蚓体内的代谢诱发了细胞色素P450总含量的增加,且在此过程中有活性氧自由基产生.不同酶对毒性效应响应的域值不同,其敏感性大小为:P450＞SOD(POD) ＞CAT.根据四个指标对污染物浓度响应的域值不同,可将四者联合应用互为补充作为一套生物标记物体系,以满足污染物不同暴露浓度下土壤的毒理诊断,增强指示的敏感性和有效性.     

Modification of mutagenic activity of benzo[a]pyrene by trace elements in the Ames assay

Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is one of the most ubiquitous environmental contaminants and exerts potent carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. In the presence of rat liver S9 mix, four trace elements, germanium (Ge), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and molybdenium (Mo), were included in the Ames Salmonella microsome/mutagenic assay to test their inhibitory effects on BaP-induced mutations. All trace elements were found to exert an inhibitory effect in tester TA98 and TA100 strains; Fe was the most potent among the elements tested, whereas Zn was weakly inhibitory to prevent mutations. The present findings demonstrate that the antimutagenic potential of trace elements, notably Fe, may be attributed to its modulatory effect on the bioactivation and detoxification processes of BaP.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

苯并(a)芘致毒的鱼的分子生态毒理学指标研究

通过测定典型的多环芳烃类物质苯并（a）芘（BaP）致毒后鱼体内几种重要分子生态毒理学指标的变化,来反映苯并（a）芘致毒对鱼体的影响．结果表明,肝脏ATPase活性降低,GST活性升高,DNA加合物相对标记水平（RAL）也增大,而EROD活性没有明显改变．这说明苯并（a）芘致毒对鱼体正常生命活动产生了重大影响,并具有潜在的致癌性．     

Detecting points as developmental delay based on the life-history development and urosome deformity of the harpacticoid copepod, Tigriopus japonicus sensu lato, following exposure to benzo(a)pyrene

To identify ecotoxicological responses to an endocrine disrupter, benzo(a)pyrene, we examined the life-history of the harpacticoid copepod, Tigriopus japonicus sensu lato. Based on the life-history of copepods, survival rate of nauplii (NSR) and copepodites (CSR), copepodite emergence day (CED) and adult male emergence day (AMED), sex ratio (MER), brooding success rate (BSR), and first brooding day of adult females (FBD) were measured. Significant differences were observed in the survival and development of nauplii (NSR and CED) and sex ratio (MER) of exposed and non-exposed copepods. Moreover, high concentration of BaP can be lethal to copepodite and exhibited a delay of growth. In this study, the CED and AMED among ecotoxicological response based on life-history developments were delayed and the body characteristics decreased in response to exposure to benzo(a)pyrene. The dwarfism and urosome deformity of the T. japonicus s.l. was exhibited in response to chemical exposure. Specifically, the body characteristics and biomass of dwarf copepods that had been exposed to benzo(a)pyrene were 30% and 50% lower than the control group, respectively. The incidence of abnormal urosomes was divided into two types. The first deformity type was signs of shrinkage in the middle of the urosome or the entire urosome was narrower than those of the control organisms. In the second type, the anal somite and the distal side of the urosome had abnormally swelled. Taken together, the nauplii and copepodid development of T. japonicus s.l. can be used as a useful biomaker for detecting developmental delay based on their entire life-history. In addition, the urosome deformity was used a good potential monitoring tool invading various chemicals and environmental contamination into water system.     

Photoirradiation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon diones by UVA light leading to lipid peroxidation

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous genotoxic environmental pollutants and potentially pose a health risk to humans. In most if not all cases, PAHs in the environment can be oxidized into their corresponding PAH-diones. This process is considered a detoxification pathway with regard to tumorigenicity. Nevertheless, photo-induced toxicological activity of PAH-diones has not been systematically investigated. In this study, we show that 27 potential environmental PAH-diones induced lipid peroxidation, in a dose (light) response manner, when irradiated with UVA at 7 and 21 J cm⁻². Photoirradiation in the presence of sodium azide, deuterated methanol, or superoxide dismutase revealed that lipid peroxidation is mediated by reactive oxygen species. Electron spin resonance (ESR) spin trapping studies supported this observation. These results suggest that UVA photoirradiation of PAH-diones generates reactive oxygen species and induces lipid peroxidation.