磷酸活化-微波热解法制备污泥吸附剂

以污泥吸附剂的碘值和其对铬的吸附去除效果为考察指标,对制备污泥吸附剂的各种影响因素进行全面考察和分析。结果表明,其最佳制备工艺条件为微波功率550 W,微波辐照时间330 s,磷酸浓度为40%及磷酸与污泥原料的液固比为2∶1,空气氛围中制备的吸附剂SAA的性能要稍优于氮气氛围中制备的吸附剂SAN,但前者的得率稍低于后者,总体来讲,两者相差不大。在实际应用中可简化制备工艺,无需通入保护气体。     

微波热解城市污水污泥的H2S释放影响因素研究

利用微波热解城市污水污泥是实现污泥无害化、减量化和资源化的有效出路之一,但热解过程中产生的恶臭气体(如H2S等)也会对大气环境造成严重的影响.以微波热解城市污水污泥10 min所收集的气体为研究对象,研究了热解终温、污泥含水率、升温速率及矿物催化剂种类4个因素对热解过程中H2S产量的影响.结果表明,随着热解终温的升高,城市污水污泥微波热解过程中的H2S产量逐渐上升,800℃时H2S产量为5.86 mg/g(以干污泥计,下同);含水率在50％～80％时,随着含水率的增加,城市污水污泥微波热解过程中的H2S产量逐渐上升,当含水率增至90％时,污泥出现了泥水分层现象,致使后续热解反应无法进行,故没有H2S产生;升温速率越快,热解反应的活化能越高,反应不易进行,H2S产量降低;添加矿物催化剂能有效固硫,且雷尼镍基催化剂的效果更好,热解终温为800℃时的H2S产量为4.15 mg/g,较不添加矿物催化剂时降低约30％;可通过铜铁吸收法和活性炭吸附两步工艺对热解产生的H2S加以吸收处理,处理后的H2S排放浓度满足《恶臭污染物排放标准》(GB 14554-93)中的厂界一级标准限值.     

Pyrolysis of commingled waste textile fibers in a batch reactor: Analysis of the pyrolysis gases and solid product

The main object of this study was the investigation of the thermal recycling of commingled waste textile fibers, with the aim of the production of useful end products. Differential scanning calorimetry/Thermo gravimetric analysis (DSC/TGA) was applied to determine the thermal degradation characteristics of the commingled waste textile fibers and there are two peaks located at the temperature ranges of 299–360°C and 399–500°C. Commingled waste fiber was pyrolyzed in a nitrogen atmosphere in relation to three different temperatures (500, 600, and 700°C), heating rates (25 and 50°C min^?1), and retention times (15 and 30 min). The effect of the experimental conditions such as pyrolysis temperature, heating rates, and retention time on the formation of char and gas--liquid products was investigated and the product yields were determined from the rate of the weight loss. The highest conversion rate 82.9 wt.% liquid--gas product and 17.1 wt.% char product was achieved at 700°C. Pyrolysis gases were taken for every 7, 15, and 25 min and were analyzed for major components such as CO, CO₂, CH₄, and H₂ by gas chromatography. The pyrolysis char called as carbon black derived from the pyrolysis of commingled waste textile fibers was analyzed for a range of properties, including the elemental analysis, moisture content, ash content, calorific value, and trace metal analysis.     

污泥包裹飞灰热解炭中重金属稳定性研究:铁盐添加剂的作用

在污泥包裹飞灰中添加不同比例的铁盐后进行热解,依据HJ/T 300—2007《固体废物浸出毒性浸出方法——醋酸缓冲溶液法》,研究了铁盐对污泥包裹飞灰热解炭中重金属的稳定效果,确定了基于热解炭最终处置目标的最经济的铁盐添加量和最大飞灰包裹量。结果表明:添加混合铁盐可以增加污泥包裹飞灰热解炭中重金属的稳定性,随着铁盐添加量增加,重金属的浸出浓度先减小后增加。综合经济性和稳定性,确定最适宜的铁盐添加量为1.5%。添加铁盐可增加污泥的飞灰包裹量,在Fe添加量为1.5%,热解温度500℃的条件下,污泥对飞灰的最大包裹量是1∶2,此条件下的产物热解炭可以进入生活垃圾填埋场处置。     

The effect of pyrolysis atmosphere on bio-oil yields and structure

A food industry waste, almond shell, was pyrolyzed under three different environment static, nitrogen, and steam to produce bio-oil and its derivatives. The oil yield obtained at pyrolysis temperature of 600°C was 24.23% in a static atmosphere, whereas it increased to 27.25% and 33.05% in nitrogen and steam atmospheres, respectively. The bio-oil obtained under steam atmosphere is very efficient due to the production of high liquid and gas yields. Moreover, co-feeding steam during the pyrolysis altered the bio-oil structure by increasing the aliphatics and reducing the asphaltenes. Moreover, steam treatment also increases H/C and heating value of bio-oils. According to the obtained results, steam pyrolysis is an alternative option for future applications in refineries.     

城市生活垃圾热分解特性的试验研究

本文在一台法国Setaram公司生产的TG -DTA92型热重差热分析仪上对 8种典型的城市生活垃圾组分进行了氮气环境下的热重 (TG)、微分热重 (DTG)和差热 (DTA)试验 ,研究了这些典型城市固体废物的热解特性 ,还以废纸为例研究了不同加热速率和不同终温对热解特性的影响 ,获得了它们的热解动力学特性参数 ,提出了相应的热解动力学反应模型。     

湿式镁法烟气脱硫副产物MgSO4热解回收MgO

通过对MgSO4的热解研究为湿式镁法烟气脱硫副产物的综合利用探索适宜的热解条件.实验结果表明,在升温速率为20 ℃/min、热解温度为850℃、恒温时间为2.0 h的条件下,由无水MgSO4热解制得的MgO收率高达99.8％.由MgSO4·7H2O热解制得的MgO收率仅为72.1％.由此表明,干燥的MgSO4对热解更有利.     

Storage stability of biocrude oils from fast pyrolysis of poultry litter

The unstable nature of biocrude oils produced from conventional pyrolysis of biomass is one of the properties that limits its application. In the disposal of poultry litter via pyrolysis technology, the biocrude oil produced as a value-added product can be used for on farm applications. In this study, we investigated the influence of bedding material (wood shavings) on the storage stability of biocrude oils produced from the fast pyrolysis of poultry litter. The biocrude oils produced from manure, wood (pine and oak), and mixtures of manure and wood in proportions (75:25 50:50, and 25:75 w/w%) were stored under ambient conditions in sealed glass vials for a period of 6 months and their stability were monitored by measuring the changes in viscosity over time. The manure oil had the lowest rate of viscosity change and thus was relatively the most stable and the oils from the 50:50 w/w% litter mixtures were the least stable. The rate of viscosity change of the manure biocrude oil was 1.33 cP/day and that of the 50/50 litter mixture was 7.6 cP/day for pine and 4.17 cP/day for oak.The spectrometric analyses of the biocrude oils showed that the presence of highly reactive oxygenated functionalities in the oil were responsible for the instability characteristic of the litter biocrude oils. The poor stability of the biocrude oil from the 50:50 w/w% litter mixtures was attributed to reactions between nitrogenous compounds (amides) from protein degradation and oxygenated compounds from the decomposition of polysaccharides and lignin. The addition of 10% methanol and 10% ethanol to the oil from 50% manure and 50% pine reduced the initial viscosity of the oil and was also beneficial in slowing down the rate of viscosity change during storage.     

Removal of PCDD/Fs and PCBs from sediment by oxygen free pyrolysis

Few studies have dealt on the evaluation of volatilization and decomposition reactions of dioxins from sediment by oxygen free pyrolysis. In this study, the performance of pyrolysis on the removal of dioxins from sediment was investigated. Dioxin concentrations of the raw sediment and the solid residues after pyrolysis were analyzed at different conditions. Results showed a removal efficiency of 99.9999% for total dioxins at 800℃ and retention time of 30 min. All the polychlorinated dibenzo-furans （PCDFs） have been removed and were not formed in the solid residues at the retention time range of 30-90 min at 800℃. Close to 100% removal of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins （PCDDs） was also achieved. Only trace PCDDs were detected in the solid yields at a retention time of 60 min. The highest removal efficiency of polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） was more than 99.9994% at a retention time of 30 min. During cooling period following pyrolysis, however, the concentration of total dioxins in solid residues increased 130 times as compared to that of the raw sediment under air atmosphere. This confirmed that some complex reactions do occur to form PCDD/Fs and PCBs from 800 to 400℃ in the presence of oxygen. Oxygen-free atmosphere therefore can prevent formation of dioxin during thermal process thus generating clean solid residues.     

磷酸对八宝景天热解过程中As、Pb迁移转化的影响

本文利用管式炉在不同温度下对八宝景天进行直接热解和磷酸预处理热解,研究了As、Pb的迁移特性和形态分布.结果表明：生物炭中As的回收率随温度升高波动,Pb的回收率随温度升高先增大后减小,As、Pb的回收率均在500℃时达到最大,分别为66.2%和73.08%.添加8%磷酸后As、Pb回收率在一定温度范围内增加,并在300℃时达到最大值,分别为83.75%和92.78%.热解温度由300℃升到600℃时,生物炭中As的稳定形态（F4+F5）由不足20%增加到70%左右,Pb的最稳定形态（F5）由3%增加到32%.添加8%磷酸热解后,生物炭中As的稳定性小幅增加,500和600℃时F5分别增加20%和5%;Pb的稳定性显著增加,（F4+F5）均达到90%以上.磷酸添加量对重金属形态分布无明显影响.实验结果表明采用磷酸预处理用于修复植物热解可提高生物炭中重金属As、Pb的回收率及稳定性,并可降低其生态风险指数.