火力发电厂飞灰对抗生素磺胺的吸附性能

研究了吸附时间、飞灰用量、初始溶液pH和振荡频率等因素对飞灰吸附去除水溶液中磺胺的影响,并对其吸附机理进行了初步探讨。研究结果表明,飞灰用量增大有利于提高其对磺胺的吸附去除率。在25℃、振荡频率150 r/min、飞灰用量50 g/L、磺胺浓度4 mg/L条件下吸附10 min,磺胺的吸附去除率可达到92.8%。电厂飞灰对磺胺的吸附符合二级动力学模型,属于单分子层吸附。     

微波辅助光催化降解阿特拉津的表观动力学

以内分泌干扰物阿特拉津为目标物,建立循环流化床微波辅助光催化体系,研究其微波辅助光催化降解规律。表观动力学研究发现,当阿特拉津初始浓度较低时,其在微波辅助光催化体系中的降解符合表观一级反应动力学特征。降解反应速率常数与阿特拉津初始浓度呈负线性相关,与紫外光强呈正线性相关,与催化剂浓度呈抛物线性相关。表观反应速率常数kobs=3.95×10-4c-0.27030I1.2224W0.3283,该模型计算值与实验值吻合较好,平均相对偏差仅为0.5%,可用于预测微波辅助光催化降解低浓度有机污染物的反应规律。     

Persistence and Dissipation Kinetics of Spiromesifen in Chili and Cotton

In a field study carried out at three different locations, the dissipation of spiromesifen on cotton and chili was studied and its DT₅₀, and DT₉₉ were estimated at each location. Spiromesifen was sprayed on chili at 96 and 192 g a.i. ha⁻¹ and cotton at 120 and 240 g a.i. ha⁻¹. Samples of chili fruits were drawn at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 21, 30 days after treatment and that of cotton seed and lint at first picking and harvest. Soil samples were drawn 30 days after treatment from 0 to 15 and 15 to 30 cm layer. Quantification of residues was done on GC–MS in Selected Ion Monitoring (SIM) mode in mass range 271–274 m/z. The LOQ of this method was found 0.033 μg g⁻¹, LOD being 0.01 μg g⁻¹. The DT₅₀ of spiromesifen when applied at recommended doses in chili fruits was found to be 2.18–2.40 days. Ninety-nine percent degradation was found to occur within 14.5–16.3 days after application. Residues of spiromesifen were not detected in cotton seed and lint samples at the first picking. In soil, no residues of spiromesifen were detectable 15 days after treatment.     

粉煤灰吸附除磷的改性研究

研究了粉煤灰的最佳改性条件及其吸附理论模型.获得了粉煤灰用于吸附含磷量为5 mg P/L的模拟二级出水的3种改性的最佳条件(21℃):(1)0.25 mol/L盐酸改性的粉煤灰对磷的去除率为76.0%,出水含1.20 mg P/L;(2)300℃下煅烧的粉煤灰对磷的去除率为93.8%,出水中磷含量达到了0.31 mg P/L;(3)低火(119 W)改性的粉煤灰的磷去除率达95.4%,出水含0.23 mg P/L.试验结果表明:Langmuir方程能很好地解释两种改性粉煤灰的吸附动力学(R2=0.9188,S.E=0.0032),而Simple Elovieh方程在描述两者的吸附动力学试验数据上显示出优越性(R2=0.9427,S.E=0.029).     

Desorption Kinetics of Benzene in a Sandy Soil in the Presence of Powdered Activated Carbon

Desorption kinetics of benzene was investigated with a modified biphasic desorption model in a sandy soil with five different powdered activated carbon (PAC) contents (0, 1, 2, 5, 10% w/w) as sorbents. Sorption experiments followed by series dilution desorption were conducted for each sorbent. Desorption of benzene was successively performed at two stages using deionized water and hexane. Modeling was performed on both desorption isotherm and desorption rate for water-induced desorption to elucidate the presence of sorption–desorption hysteresis and biphasic desorption and if present to quantify the desorption-resistant fraction (q _irr) and labile fraction (F) of desorption site responsible for rapid process. Desorption isotherms revealed that sorption–desorption exhibited a severe hysteresis with a significant fraction of benzene being irreversibly adsorbed onto both pure sand and PAC, and that desorption-resistant fraction (q _irr) increased with PAC content. Desorption kinetic modeling showed that desorption of benzene was biphasic with much higher (4–40 times) rate constant for rapid process (k ₁) than that for slow process (k ₂), and that the difference in the rate constant increased with PAC content. The labile fraction (F) of desorption site showed a decreasing tendency with PAC. The experimental results would provide valuable information on remediation methods for soils and groundwater contaminated with BTEX.     

MWNTs及MWNTs/TiO_2对水中1,2,3-三氯苯的吸附特性研究

采用批量平衡实验,对比研究了多壁碳纳米管（MWNTs）及多壁碳纳米管/二氧化钛复合材料（MWNTs/TiO2）对水中1,2,3-三氯苯的吸附特性。结果表明,在相同条件下,MWNTs及MWNTs/TiO2对1,2,3-三氯苯（1,2,3-TCB）的最大吸附量分别为71.8 mg/g和3.05 mg/g,pH值在2~11之间变化时,两者的吸附均不受pH值变化的影响。2种吸附剂的吸附过程均符合拟二级动力学方程,但MWNTs/TiO2对1,2,3-TCB的吸附速率常数为0.4159 g/（mg.m in）,约为MWNTs的50倍左右,说明MWNTs/TiO2具有更强的吸附驱动力。1,2,3-TCB在2种吸附剂上的吸附过程均可用Freund lich吸附等温线来描述,其热力学参数吉布斯自由能△G0均为负、标准焓变△H0与熵变△S0均为正表明,MWNTs及MWNTs/TiO2吸附1,2,3-TCB过程为自发吸热反应。与MWNTs相比,MWNTs/TiO2具有可光催化再生的优点,能用于被污染水体的原位修复。     

零价铁(Fe~0)共存下TiO_2光催化降解特性的研究

针对TiO2光催化反应中易出现电子-空穴对(e--h+)的复合、而Fenton技术又面临铁污泥的问题,向TiO2光催化反应中加入零价铁(Fe0)。通过调节溶液pH,使Fe0缓释Fe2+,且反应之后的pH仍能满足TiO2光催化反应所需。溶液中的Fe2+,一方面能减弱TiO2光催化产生的e--h+的复合,提高TiO2光催化反应的效率;另一方面,在紫外灯照射下也可以起到光Fenton降解作用。研究结果表明,Fe0共存下TiO2光催化对废水的降解率高于单独使用TiO2光催化或光Fenton对废水的降解率。对Fe0共存下TiO2光催化降解废水的褪色率的动力学研究表明,该反应属于三级动力学反应,且其对有机物的降解具有TiO2光催化和光Fenton加合增效的效果。     

臭氧氧化6-APA制药厂生化处理出水的特性及动力学

通过现场实验研究了6-APA制药厂生化处理出水的臭氧氧化特性及其动力学规律。结果表明,当臭氧浓度为27．5mg／L,气水接触时间为80min时,COD、UV254、NH3-N和色度的去除率分别可达72．95％、73．28％、72％和96．25％,达到《发酵类制药废水工业水污染物排放标准》（GB21903—2008）排放控制要求。拟合结果表明,在0～10、10～30和30～90min时段内,臭氧氧化过程遵循拟一级反应,但反应速率逐渐降低。当气水接触时间为30min时,废水可生化性可由0．1提高至0．35,采用臭氧／生物处理的联合工艺也有望使出水达到相同的排放控制要求。     

Renewable Cellulose Derived Carbon Nanospheres as Nucleating Agents for Polylactide and Polypropylene

Nucleation of polylactide and polypropylene using novel renewable resource biobased carbon nanospheres (CNS) is investigated using differential scanning calorimetry and polarized optical microscopy. Isothermal studies near the optimal crystallization temperature demonstrate at least a five-fold increase in crystallization rate in PP but only a 1.4 times faster crystallization in PLA. Non-isothermal studies reveal an asymptotic relationship of the maximum crystallization temperature with increasing CNS weight loading in PP and no relationship in PLA. Microscopy indicates some aggregation in the solution blended samples and that average spherulite size is reduced 10-fold due to faster nucleation in the composites as compared to the neat polymer. The fractional crystallinity achieved during non-isothermal crystallization increases by about 7% with addition of a small amount of CNS and decreases with weight loading higher than 1%. The crystallization rates obtained in polypropylene are competitive with widely used mineral talc nucleating agents.     

Effects of organic matter on phosphorus release kinetics in different trophic lake sediments and application of transition state theory

Sediments have a significant influence on the overlying water, and phosphorus (P) release from sediments is an important source for the lake eutrophication, particularly in shallow ones. In this study, effects of organic matter on P release from sediments in different trophic lakes from the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River, China, were investigated, and the release kinetics of different P fractions at different temperature were studied. The results show that the release kinetics of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) and dissolved total phosphorus (DTP) were similar for the studied sediments, the release rate increased rapidly in the initial hours, and it increased gradually after 10h. The release kinetics of SRP, DOP and DTP followed the Power Function model. SRP was the major fraction among the released DTP, while DOP was an important fraction in the heavily polluted sediments. Organic matter restricted the SRP and DTP release while it promoted the DOP release. Both DOP and SRP release processes were endothermic. The thermodynamic properties in the P release kinetics were calculated and discussed.