Study of sorption kinetics of some ionic liquids on different soil types

In the present contribution sorption kinetics experiments under static conditions were utilized in three selected ionic liquids cations (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chlorides) study with five type of soil, differing in total organic carbon (TOC) content. The experimental results indicate the sorption capacity growth with increase in TOC content and hydrophobicity of ionic liquid cation. The obtained kinetic sorption parameters as well as distribution coefficients (K_d) were used to estimate the sorption properties of the soil types towards the ionic liquids in question. The Gibbs free energy values indicate that ionic liquid cations sorption on soils could be generally considered as a physical adsorption with exothermic effect. But the values of −dG for studied cations sorption on soil with very high of TOC content in soil (45%) may testify to nature of chemical adsorption. Sorption of the analyzed compounds occurs probably by means of hydrogen bonds, electrostatic and π  π interaction with the organic matter and the clay minerals of the soils.     

Decolorization of Blue CL-BR dye by AOPs using bleach wastewater as source of H2O2

This research was focused on the investigation of the efficacy of advanced oxidation processes (Fenton,ozonation and UV/H_2O_2) for decolorization of reactive azo dye (Blue CL-BR) using bleach wastewater as possible source of H_2O_2.All the experiments were performed on the laboratory scale set-up.The results showed that colour removal efficiencies by UV or bleach (H_2O_2) alone were not so efficient.Fenton process with bleach wastewater was found to be the most effective at process conditions such as pH of 3 and H_2O_2/Fe~(2 ) ratio of 24:1,resulting in 64% colour removal.Almost complete colour removal,i.e.,99% and 95% were achieved by UV/H_2O_2 and UVfoleach wastewater in 30 and 60 min,respectively.Ozonation proved an efficient method for decolorization of Blue CL-BR dye at alkaline pH.It was possible to achieve 98% colour removal with 30 min of ozonation at pH 9.The colour removal of dye was found to follow first order kinetics.     

纳米γ-Fe2O3对汞离子的吸附行为研究

为了研究用于含汞离子废水处理的新型高效材料,研究了纳米γ-Fe₂O₃对汞离子的吸附行为。探讨pH值(3、8和12)、温度(288 K、298 K、308 K、318 K)和离子强度(Ca²⁺,0.001 mol/L、0.01 mol/L、0.1 mol/L)对该吸附的影响。使用吸附动力学方程(拉格朗日准一级、准二级)和等温吸附方程(Langmuir和Freundlich)分别对吸附数据进行拟合,并讨论吸附机理。结果表明:pH值为3、8、12时,纳米γ-Fe₂O₃对汞离子的吸附动力学方程符合准二级动力学模型(R2=0.997~0.999);288 K、298 K、308 K、318 K时,纳米γ-Fe₂O₃对汞离子的吸附过程更符合Langmuir吸附模型(R²=0.970~0.995),并且随温度升高,吸附量增加;在不同pH值下,纳米γ-Fe₂O₃对汞离子的吸附等温式可使用Langmuir模式(R²=0.983~0.996)进行表征,随p H值降低,吸附量减少,中性环境有利于吸附;在不同Ca²⁺浓度下,可用Langmuir等温吸附式拟合(R²=0.990~0.996)。通过Langmuir等温吸附式推算出最大吸附量随Ca²⁺浓度增加而减少。     

2,4-二硝基酚厌氧生物降解动力学研究

研究了间歇试验条件下,2,4-二硝基酚(2,4-DNP)与葡萄糖共基质时的厌氧降解动力学.结果表明:2,4-DNP与葡萄糖能同时被微生物降解;葡萄糖浓度高低对2,4-DNP的降解影响不大,而2,4-DNP的存在明显影响COD的降解.当2,4-DNP浓度<225 mg/L时,其比降解速率随浓度增大而增大,浓度为225 mg/L时比降解速率达到最大;由于底物抑制,当2,4-DNP浓度>225 mg/L时,其比降解速率呈下降趋势.选用Andrews非竞争性抑制模型描述2,4-DNP厌氧降解动力学,对实验数据进行非线性拟合,求得模型参数q_max、K_s和K_i分别为3.24 mg/(h·g)、196.23 mg/L和165.91mg/L,实验数据与该动力学方程拟合较好.     

城市污泥中邻苯二甲酸酯的好氧降解规律研究

为评价邻苯二甲酸酯类环境激素在环境中的滞留情况,妥善解决城市污泥的处理处置问题,对城市污泥中6种邻苯二甲酸酯的好氧生物降解规律进行了研究。结果表明,邻苯二甲酸酯的好氧生物降解性随烷基链含碳数的增加而降低;其好氧降解过程可用一级动力学模型描述;其好氧生物降解速率常数与烷基链含碳数、降解半衰期与烷基链含碳数、降解速率常数与正辛醇—水分配系数之间存在良好的相关性。     

纳米α - Fe2O3微球对U(Ⅵ)的吸附特性研究

将海藻酸钠与纳米α-Fe2O3制成微球,用于吸附U(Ⅵ)。探讨了纳米α-Fe2O3含量、交联时间、pH值、投加量、浓度、温度等对吸附的影响。结果表明,pH值对U(Ⅵ)的吸附过程影响显著,适宜pH值为3。U(Ⅵ)在微球上的吸附量随着吸附时间的增加而增大,初始阶段(1.5 h)反应进行得很快,9 h时达到吸附平衡。当U(Ⅵ)初始质量浓度为10mg/L时,其饱和吸附量为2.64mg/g。准二级动力方程很好地拟合了吸附动力学数据,且R2>0.99。吸附率与温度呈正相关,Lang-muir与Freundlich吸附等温方程均能较好地拟合固定化微球对U(Ⅵ)的吸附过程(R2>0.99),但Freundlich等温线效果更好。吸附反应中ΔG<0,ΔH>0且小于40 kJ/mol,ΔS>0,这表明吸附过程能自发进行,为吸热反应。     

A detailed kinetic investigation on the effects of hydrogen enrichment on the performance of gas-fueled SI engine

This study investigates the effects of hydrogen enrichment on formation of pollutants and greenhouse gases in gas-fueled spark ignition engines. To this end, a previously validated detailed mechanism is embedded with a comprehensive one-dimensional engine model and the results are verified with experimental observations at different compression ratios and engine loads. The simulations are then performed for different mixtures of hydrogen and natural gas. The results indicate that adding hydrogen increases the cylinder peak pressure at different loads and compression ratios, despite the fact that reduces the amount of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and methane in all the conditions.     

苏柳172和垂柳对Pb的吸收动力学特性及有机酸的影响

采用溶液培养的方法研究了苏柳172（Salix jiangsuensis CL‘J172’）和垂柳（Salix babylonica Linn）的Pb吸收动力学、Pb在根区的分布以及低分子量有机酸对Pb吸收的影响.结果表明,在溶液Pb浓度为0.25—100μmo.lL-1时,两种柳树对Pb的吸收动力学都呈非饱和曲线,积...     

Model for predicting hydroxylamine nitrate stability in plutonium process solutions

A mathematical model is described that may be used to determine the safety of hydroxylamine nitrate (HAN) solutions used in solvent extraction purification of plutonium. The most significant hazard associated with hydroxylamine use in processing plutonium is its rapid, autocatalytic reaction with nitric acid which can result in an explosion or pressurization of process vessels with radiological consequences to humans. In addition, heat is produced by the reaction that could potentially ignite process solvents. The HAN decomposition reaction can occur only under specific process conditions (temperature; HAN, plutonium and nitric acid concentrations) and the model is used to identify these conditions so that they can be avoided. A kinetics model has been developed using all of the known significant reactions that could occur in process solutions containing HAN and nitric acid as well as plutonium and iron. The reaction kinetics data (rate laws, rate constants, activation energies) used in the model were obtained from chemical literature sources. The model shows that the autocatalytic HAN reaction with nitric acid is very rapid and is catalyzed by Pu(III) and Fe(II) in process solutions. High temperatures and nitric acid concentrations also promote the reaction.     

生物炭结构性质对氨氮的吸附特性影响

氨抑制现象在富含有机氮底物的沼气工程中普遍存在,采用生物炭吸附法可固定发酵液中氨氮.为探究生物炭理化结构与氨氮吸附特性之间的相关关系,在不同热解温度(350、450和550℃)下制备以玉米秸秆、稻壳为原料的生物炭,通过元素分析、FTIR和BET等分析生物炭结构及其理化性质,并结合批式吸附实验,研究不同理化性质生物炭对氨氮的吸附特性影响.结果表明随着热解温度的升高,生物炭中碳及灰分含量增多; 450℃制备的玉米秸秆生物炭(CS450)与550℃制备的稻壳生物炭(RH550)对氨氮的吸附分别遵循准二级和准一级动力学模型.Freundlich吸附模型能更好地描述CS450和RH550生物炭对氨氮的等温吸附过程;玉米秸秆炭吸附量与其表面官能团间具有显著相关性;而与稻壳炭的吸附量相关性最显著的为生物炭的比表面积,其次是表面官能团,最后是灰分.其中,RH550吸附性能最好,最大吸附量为12. 16 mg·g~(-1).