大型水生植物混合腐解对入湖河口水质的影响及适宜生物量研究

为探究水生植物腐解释放的营养盐在泥-水-植物系统中迁移规律以及冬春季衰亡期大型水生植物的最适生物量,在塑料通风大棚内,开展不同梯度生物量下多种水生植物混合腐解试验.选择冬季蠡湖-陆典桥浜河口区的水生植物为研究对象,根据实际收割规律,设定腐解试验的生物量依次为除根部以外总生物量的0%、20%、40%、60%、80%、100%,于2018年12月25日开展试验,共150 d.结果表明:①与恒温室内条件相比,近自然条件下多种混合水生植物腐解的前2个阶段具有长时性和持续性.②水生植物腐解致使含C、N、P元素的指标在0~30 d内快速升高,70 d左右达到峰值,100 d后缓慢降低直至稳定,整个变化过程持续近120 d,但植物茎叶未彻底分解,多数沉积在底泥表面.③泥-水-植物系统中,试验初期底泥以释放营养盐为主,30 d后以吸附为主;相关性分析表明,茎叶生物量与水体和底泥中养分浓度均呈正相关.研究显示,与其他试验组相比,收割后水生植物生物量剩余20%时更有利于入湖河口水质的改善.      

基于EMD-MFOA-ELM的瓦斯涌出量时变序列预测研究

为准确分析工作面绝对瓦斯涌出量的非平稳特征,实现瓦斯涌出量的准确预测,基于经验模态分解(EMD)、修正的果蝇优化算法(MFOA)和极限学习机(ELM)基本原理,构建瓦斯涌出量的EMD-MFOA-ELM多尺度时变预测模型。通过EMD将瓦斯涌出量时变序列进行深层次分解,获得多尺度本征模态函数(IMF);采用MFOA-ELM对各IMF时变序列建立动态预测模型,等权叠加各预测值,得到模型最终预测结果。以晋煤某矿瓦斯涌出量监测时序样本为例进行研究分析,结果表明:EMD能充分挖掘出监测数据隐含信息,有效降低数据复杂度;该模型预测相对误差为0.024 3%~0.651 0%,平均值仅为0.252 6%,预测精度和泛化能力高于未经EMD分解模型,能很好地适用于非平稳时变序列预测。     

微波辐照作用对颗粒煤瓦斯解吸特性影响实验研究

为了研究微波场连续-间断辐照作用对颗粒煤瓦斯解吸特性的影响,通过自制的实验装置,分析研究了微波连续-间断作用10 ,20 ,40 s及无微波作用下的构造煤颗粒瓦斯解吸量及解吸速率变化规律,并采用水浴加热装置模拟微波产生的热效应,研究了微波热效应在促进煤粒瓦斯解吸中的影响。实验结果表明:在微波连续作用时间内,瓦斯解吸量和解吸速率均迅速增大,然而随着时间的延长衰减较快,最终瓦斯解吸量趋向于一定值,微波连续-间断辐照作用下的瓦斯解吸量是无微波加载作用下的1.83～3.93倍;微波产生的热效应对瓦斯解吸影响较为显著,权重达82%以上,然而其非热效应的影响也不可忽视。实验方法与结果可望为促进构造瓦斯解吸、降低煤层突出危险性提供参考。     

UV-B辐射增强对麻花艽叶片光合作用及相关生理参数的影响

采用20 W和40 W的UV-B灯辐射增强处理,测定分析了UV-B辐射增强对麻花艽(Gentiana straminea Maxim)叶片净光合速率及相关生理参数的影响. 结果显示:2008年8月3日,研究区大气温度从09:00开始上升,到14:00达到最高点,叶温和大气饱和水气压变化与气温变化趋势相似;光合有效辐射强度从07:00开始上升,至13:00达到最高,之后下降;麻花艽叶片净光合作用速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)、蒸腾速率(E)和水分利用效率在对照下最高,在40 W UV-B辐射下最低;P_n在08:00—10:00最高,G_s在07:00—08:00最高,C_i在日出及日落时最高,E在09:00—13:00及14:00—18:00最高,水分利用效率在日出后最高;P_n与G_s,叶片温度,大气温度,光合有效辐射和大气饱和水气压亏缺呈正相关,与C_i呈负相关,与光合有效辐射强度的相关系数较高. P_n在光合有效辐射强度为0～800 μmol/(m2·s)时随光合有效辐射强度增加而增加,在2 200～3 000 μmol/(m2·s)时变化不大;G_s和E随光合有效辐射强度的增加而增加;C_i在光合有效辐射强度为0～800 μmol/(m2·s)时,随光合有效辐射强度的增加而呈下降趋势;水分利用效率在光合有效辐射强度为0～800 μmol/(m2·s)时随光合有效辐射强度的增加而呈增加的趋势,在800～3 000 μmol/(m2·s)时呈下降趋势. 说明UV-B辐射增强将使高寒草甸植物叶片P_n,G_s,C_i,E和水分利用效率降低.      

无机离子对磷钨酸光催化活性艳橙脱色降解的影响

报道了10种无机离子(NO3-,SO42-,CO32-,PO43-,Cl-,Mg2+,Ca2+,Cu2+,Mn2+和Al3+)对磷钨酸光催化活性艳橙(KGN)溶液反应的影响.研究表明,NO3-,SO42-,CO32-和PO43-对光催化KGN溶液降解有一定的促进作用,但随着NO3-浓度的增大,该促进作用不再增大;SO24-和CO23-在不同浓度下对光催化反应有较强的促进作用,但随着SO42-和CO32-浓度的增长,其促进作用呈降低趋势;当PO34-浓度高于0.15mmol.l-1时,随着PO34-浓度的增大,光催化反应发生抑制,并且随着浓度的增长,抑制作用有增强的趋势;Cl-对光催化脱色反应存在较强的抑制作用,除在0.075mmol.l-1的浓度时,Cl-对反应无明显影响外,其它浓度下都使光催化反应发生抑制,并且随着Cl-浓度的增加,抑制作用明显增强.Mg2+和Ca2+在不同浓度下对磷钨酸光催化KGN反应略微有促进作用;Cu2+对活性艳橙光催化脱色反应影响不显著;而Mn2+和Al3+离子对光催化反应效率存在一定抑制作用.     

丛枝菌根真菌对羊草凋落物降解作用的研究

丛枝菌根真菌（Abuscular mycorrhizal fungi）能够影响植物生长及养分含量,从而影响凋落物的降解。采用根袋的方法研究了接种两种丛枝真菌Glomus mosseae和Glomus claroideum对羊草（Leymus chinensis）地上部及根系凋落物降解的影响。结果表明,随时间的延长,凋落物的重量逐渐减少,凋落物氮、磷含量均表现出先下降后逐渐升高的趋势。接种对地上部凋落物的养分含量及降解速度未产生显著性影响,但显著降低了根系氮磷含量及降解系数。接种Glomus mosseae和Glomus claroideum羊草根系氮、磷含量均显著低于CK;接种与未接种相比羊草根系k值显著降低;根系C：N未接种处理显著低于接种处理。说明丛枝菌根真菌可能间接影响草原生态系统中有机物质的分解和养分释放。     

Simulation of Reflected and Scattered Laser Radiation for Designing Laser Shields

This paper presents a computer simulation of reflected and scattered laser radiation for calculating the angle of laser shields performed with the Laser Shield Solver computer program. The authors describe a method of calculating the shield angle for laser shields which protect workers against reflected and scattered laser radiation and which are made from different materials. The main assumptions of the program, which calculates and simulates reflected laser radiation from any material and which can be used for designing shield angles, are presented. Calculations are compared with measurements of reflected laser radiation. The results for one type of laser and different materials which interacted with a laser beam showed that the Laser Shield Solver was an appropriate tool for designing laser shields and its simulations of reflected laser radiation distribution have practical use.     

Occupational Exposure to Natural UV Radiation and Premature Skin Ageing

The skin is the part of the human body most vulnerable to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The spectrum of the negative effects of UV radiation on the skin ranges from acute erythema to carcinogenesis. Between these extreme conditions, there are other common skin lesions, e.g.,photoageing. The aim of this study was to assess the skin for signs of photoageing in a group of 52 men occupationally exposed to natural UV radiation. There were 2 types of examinations: an examination of skin condition (moisture, elasticity, sebum, porosity, smoothness, discolourations and wrinkles) with a device for diagnosing the skin, and a dermatological examination. The results of both examinations revealed a higher percentage of skin characteristics typical for photoageing in outdoor workers compared to the general population.     

Analytical Study of the Heat Loss Attenuation by Clothing on Thermal Manikins Under Radiative Heat Loads

For wearers of protective clothing in radiation environments there are no quantitative guidelines available for the effect of a radiative heat load on heat exchange. Under the European Union funded project ThermProtect an analytical effort was defined to address the issue of radiative heat load while wearing protective clothing. As within the ThermProtect project much information has become available from thermal manikin experiments in thermal radiation environments, these sets of experimental data are used to verify the analytical approach. The analytical approach provided a good prediction of the heat loss in the manikin experiments, 95% of the variance was explained by the model. The model has not yet been validated at high radiative heat loads and neglects some physical properties of the radiation emissivity. Still, the analytical approach provides a pragmatic approach and may be useful for practical implementation in protective clothing standards for moderate thermal radiation environments.     

基于完全因素分解法的能源效率影响因素研究

“十二五”是我国全面建成小康社会的关键阶段,又由于环境和资源禀赋方面的制约,提高能源效率成为我国经济和社会发展的内在需求.从能源强度的角度出发,分析了我国产业结构和能源效率现状,采用完全因素分解法,从产业结构的角度人手对全国能源效率的影响因素进行了研究.结果表明,技术因素是我国能源效率提高的主要推动力,第二产业对能源效率的影响远远大于第一和第三产业.