On Assessing Decomposition Rates of Plant Debris and Standard Cellulose Samples in Tundra Communities

Russian Journal of Ecology -     

Effect of Pretreatment with UV Radiation on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Photocured Jute Yarn with 1,6-Hexanediol Diacrylate (HDDA)

Jute yarns were grafted with a single impregnating monomer 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA) in order to improve the physicomechanical properties. Jute yarns soaked for different soaking times (3, 5, 10, and 30 minutes) in HDDA+MeOH solutions at different proportions (1–10% HDDA in MeOH [v/v] along with photoinitiator Darocur-1664 [3%]) were cured under UV lamp at different UV radiation intensities (two, four, six, and eight passes). Concentration of monomer, soaking time, and intensity of UV radiation were optimized with extent of mechanical properties such as tensile strength, elongation at break, and modulus. Enhanced tensile strength (67%), modulus (108%), and polymer loading (11%) were achieved with 5% HDDA concentration, 5-minute soaking time, fourth pass of UV radiation. To further improve the mechanical properties, the jute yarns were pretreated with UV radiation (5, 10, 15, 30, and 50 passes) and treated with optimized monomer concentration (5%). UV-pretreated samples showed the enhanced properties. The tensile strength and modulus increase up to 84% and 132%, respectively, than that of virgin jute yarn. An experiment involving water absorption capacity shows that water uptake by treated samples was much lower than that of the untreated samples. During the weathering test, treated yarns exhibited less loss of mechanical properties than untreated yarns.     

CHEMIFOG_V – A Model to Simulate Radiation Fogs and their Interaction with Vegetation and Chemistry

Radiation fog is an important modifier of atmosphericcompounds in the planetary boundary layer. In vegetated areas effects are especially pronounced due to the enlarged surface area. Besides affectingthe lower boundary of atmospheric models fog acts as amulti-phase reaction chamber leading to acid deposition. Here we present the 1-dimensional radiation fog modelCHEMIFOG_V to simulate regional radiation fogevents. The key feature of the fog model is thedetailed microphysics, where the aerosol/dropletspectrum is describedwith a joint 2-dimensional distribution, but also thedynamics, thermodynamics, and radiative transfer are calculated. Toinvestigate the interaction between fog and the biosphere amulti-layer vegetation module, including a soil module as well as a drydeposition module were coupled. Vegetation influences thedynamics, thermodynamics, and the radiation field of the lowestatmospheric layers. With CHEMIFOG_V, numerical case studieson dry and moist deposition processes on vegetation surfaces wereperformed. Hereby multi-phase chemistry and the processing of aerosolswere considered. The results show that the chemical composition of thedeposited fog droplets is mainly determined by the aerosol composition. Dry deposition fluxes are dependent on the incoming radiation and the leaves' surface conditions with respect to water coverage.Due to chemical aerosol processing and deposition, the aerosol spectrumis significantly modified in the planetary boundary layer.     

催化分解臭氧的方法及催化剂性能概述

臭氧作为一种有毒物质广泛存在于人们生活环境中,当其浓度超过0.06mg/m^3时,对人体就有害了。因此对臭氧的分解十分必要。本文介绍了多种分解臭氧的方法,并着重介绍 催化分解法。对各种氧分解催化剂的组成、制备方法及活性作一综述。     

不同波段紫外光在TiO2悬浊液中的消光特点

为确定TiO₂催化剂悬浊液对不同波段紫外光的消光规律,本试验以4-CBA-Na为模型污染物,针对催化剂/污染物悬浊液体系在不同催化剂投加量下,对UVA、UVB和UVC波段光子的消光效果进行了测定.结果表明,各悬浮体系对各波段紫外光的消光基本上符合比耳定律,即随着入射光程的增加,光强呈现负指数衰减;紫外光在催化剂悬浊液中的消光系数随催化剂投加量的增大而增加,其增加规律可以用二次多项式表示;污染物溶液本身对UVB和UVC紫外光有吸收,UVB和UVC紫外光在催化剂-污染物悬浮体系中的消光系数可视为污染物与催化剂颗粒的消光系数之叠加.催化剂悬浊液对紫外光的消光系数随紫外光波长的减小而增大,这意味着使用短波长的UVC作为光催化降解光源可以提高能量利用效率.     

基于Zigbee技术的无线辐射监测系统的建立

基于Zigbee技术的无线辐射监测系统可对众多辐射监测仪的监测数据进行实时采集和统计分析,无需布线,组网灵活。该辐射监测系统包括多台辐射监测仪及上位机监测平台。辐射监测仪负责测量辐射信息,并将辐射测量结果通过Zigbee模块发送出来。辐射监测平台负责接收辐射测量结果,并将数据在监测平台上进行显示和存储。对辐射监测仪和辐射监测系统进行测试,测试结果表明:辐射监测仪可对在环境本底的基础上增加0.1 μSv/h的γ辐射给出可靠报警;辐射监测系统可自动进行无线网络连接,整体运行稳定,数据采集准确,可实现对各个辐射监测仪监测数据的实时采集和存储。     

增补UV-B辐射下南亚热带森林建群树种叶片对UV-B辐射的防护

研究了我国南亚热带森林5种建群树种UV-B辐射诱导的UV-B吸收物质(在280～320 nm波长下测定)的积累及抗UV-B辐射的可能性保护机制.增补UV-B辐射下,马尾松(Pinus massoniana)针叶的甲醇可溶性提取物和细胞壁的碱提取酚类的含量明显高于正常水平的光辐射下.红椎(Castanopsis hystrix)和厚壳桂(Cryptocarya chinensis)叶片的这些化学物质也升高,意味着增补UV-B辐射刺激UV-B辐射吸收物质的生成,形成抗UV-B辐射的功能性保护结构.然而,自然光下已含有大量细胞壁碱提取酚类的荷木(Schima superba)和藜蒴(Castanopsis fissa),这些化合物在增补UV-B辐射下则见下降,很有可能表皮层细胞壁碱提取酚类被转移到含有较低甲醇可溶性色素的液胞可溶性化合物里,这一现象意示着可能涉及叶肉组织光合机构的保护策略.增补UV-B下,马尾松针叶的叶绿素a和b含量不受影响,而其他4种阔叶树叶片则下降10.7% 到16.8%不等.胡萝卜素对增补UV-B辐射的响应变化不一,红椎和荷木的胡萝卜素水平下降,而马尾松、厚壳桂和藜蒴的胡萝卜素则上升,后者也许与功能性增加激发能耗散有关.结果显示,自然条件下不同树种展示出不同的驯化策略以形成抗UV-B辐射增加的防护机制.表4参29     

近5年增强UV-B辐射对植物影响的研究进展

综合分析了近5年增强UV-B辐射对植物影响的最新研究进展.结果发现近5年来增强UV-B辐射对植物影响的研究明显具有以下趋势:1)增强UV-B辐射对植物个体影响的研究总体上趋于减少;2)对植物信号转导的研究日益增多;3)植物对增强UV-B辐射胁迫的防卫机制和伤害修复研究仍是重点,但更偏重于防卫机制方面的研究;4)更加重视对植物群体及生态系统影响的研究;5)增强UV-B辐射与其它因子(环境背景因子和污染胁迫因子)的复合作用研究成为新的热点和重点.根据近5年的研究进展,推断在今后一段时间内,有关增强UV-B辐射对植物和生态系统影响的研究还会加强,信号转导、分子水平机理以及增强UV-B辐射与其它因子的复合作用研究可能是今后的研究热点.     

Analysis and decomposition of condensed tannins in tree leaves

The decomposition of leaf litter is controlled by several factors. One factor that may play an important role is the content of condensed tannins (proanthocyanidins). Here we designed a combined method to isolate proanthocyanidins from leaf extracts, to convert them to anthocyanidins, and to quantify individual anthocyanidins exactly with a new, simple, but sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography method. We used this method to show composition of proanthocyanidins and to monitor degradation of proanthocyanidins and individual constituents in leaf litter in an aquatic environment over time. Despite the rapid decrease in the initial concentrations, a fraction of the proanthocyanidins remained detectable for several weeks.