丹东市酸雨污染现状浅析

在对丹东市2009年降水监测数据分析的基础上,确定了丹东市酸雨污染现状,分析了酸雨形成的原因,并提出了相应的对策和建议。     

广东省春季一次酸雨过程的数值模拟

采用WRF/Chem模式对2004年4月6—8日发生在广东省一次典型冷锋酸雨过程的气象场和污染物分布进行数值模拟,分析此次酸雨过程中致酸污染物SO2、NOx、硫酸盐气溶胶和硝酸盐气溶胶的主要分布特征,进而探讨此次酸雨的成因.结果表明,冷锋过境前,边界层高度较低,不利于污染物扩散,主要是局地排放致酸;冷锋过境形成了逆温层,污染物在逆温层内成片状均匀分布,使广东省出现大范围的酸雨.污染物浓度分布的模拟结果表明:SO2以本地源为主;NOx扩散范围较SO2广,分布更均匀;硫酸盐气溶胶和硝酸盐气溶胶6日主要分布在粤北,7日成大范围片状分布,与pH值的分布特征相似.     

低影响开发(LID)的工程措施及其效果

低影响开发(Low Impact Development,LID)是一种采用源头控制理念实现雨水控制与利用的一种雨水管理方法。低影响开发对径流水文水质的作用效果不仅受到降雨强度、降雨时间、温度等环境因素的影响,还受到各种工程措施的材料、结构与组成的影响。文章总结了这些因素对低影响开发技术作用效果的影响,归纳低影响开发技术的现存问题,提出改善低影响开发技术的一些措施,可为低影响开发的应用与普及提供参考,从而有利于实现环境效益和城市发展的双赢。     

基于GIS广西酸雨区域分布及变化特征分析

利用广西13个酸雨监测站2005—2009年监测资料,结合GIS空间分析功能,探索了广西酸雨的空间分布特征和变化规律,旨在为当地酸雨研究、预防预测和综合治理提供客观科学的理论依据。结果表明:广西酸雨主要分布在中北部地区,酸雨带呈西北-东南走向。酸雨强度最大的城市为河池、来宾和贺州,其降水平均pH值<4.8,酸雨出现频率最高的城市为河池,其发生频率>70%;酸雨强度最弱,出现频率最低的城市为北海和钦州,其降水平均pH值>6.0,发生频率<2%。     

酸雨对广西典型碳酸盐岩地区碳源效应研究

选取广西两个典型碳酸盐岩地区桂林(代表灰岩地区)与柳州(代表白云岩地区)作为研究区域,研究酸雨与岩石表面反应,并计算出由酸雨对碳酸盐岩的化学风化过程中形成CO2成为碳源的量。利用溶蚀试片溶蚀速率以及GIS技术得到研究区由酸雨产生的CO2源为41.066×108 g/a,其中桂林市区速率为33.349×108 g/a,柳州市区速率为7.717×108 g/a。单位面积源桂林与柳州分别为66.967×105 g/a.km2和42.777×105 g/a.km2,虽然低于两地的单位面积汇分别为273.891×105 g/a.km2与43.660×105 g/a.km2,但已不容忽略。柳州市区CO2源的释放速率比桂林市区慢的原因主要有二:桂林市区碳酸盐岩的代表面积为柳州市区2.77倍;由于柳州酸雨总体强度比桂林低,导致碳酸盐岩的溶蚀速率较低。     

准组织化:“互联网+线上应急救援”的实践路径和现实困境*—以河南郑州“7·20”特大暴雨灾害事件为例

为响应我国应急管理现代化和信息化建设需要,采用参与式观察、网络民族志和深度访谈方法,从准组织化集体行动视角切入,对河南郑州“7·20”特大暴雨灾害事件中救援模式相对成熟的“互联网+线上应急救援”实践路径和现实困境进行探讨。研究结果表明:线上应急救援实践路径涵盖聚合、运转、高效、离散4个阶段,且以持续不断的行动流呈现,具有准组织化集体行动特征;同时,线上救援形式面临“合法性”不确定、救援质量不稳定、风险评估主观性和政府正式沟通渠道有限性等现实困境,研究结果可为我国应急管理信息化建设提供参考。     

Evaluation of Gauge‐Radar Merging Methods Using a Semi‐Distributed Hydrological Model in the Upper Thames River Basin,Canada

Gauge‐radar merging methods combine rainfall estimates from rain gauges and radar to capitalize on the strengths of the individual instruments. The performance of four well‐known gauge‐radar merging methods, including mean field bias correction, Brandes spatial adjustment, local bias correction using kriging, and conditional merging, are examined using Environment Canada radar and the Upper Thames River Basin in southwestern Ontario, Canada, as a case study. The analysis assesses the effect of gauge‐radar merging methods on: (1) the accuracy of predicted rainfall accumulations; and (2) the accuracy of predicted streamflows using a semi‐distributed hydrological model. In addition, several influencing factors (i.e., gauge density, storm type, basin type, proximity to the radar tower, and time‐step of adjustment) are analyzed to determine their effect on the performance of the rainfall estimation techniques. Confirming results of previous studies, the merging methods provide an increase in the accuracy of both rainfall accumulation estimations and predicted streamflows. The results also indicate specific factors such as gauge density, rainfall intensity, and time‐step of adjustment can reduce the accuracy of merging methods and play a key role in the examination of its use for operational purposes. Results provide guidance for hydrologists and engineers assessing how best to apply corrected radar products to improve rainfall estimation and hydrological modeling accuracy.     

南充市近十年酸雨变化特征及降水化学组成研究

依据南充市2003~2012年城区降水环境监测统计资料,分析了酸雨变化特征及降水离子化学组成。研究表明:这十年,酸雨频率平均为50.4%,2007年降雨量为最高,呈波动递减趋势变化,降水年平均pH值为4.88,呈现"低—高—低"的变化特征,城区酸雨频率和降水pH值月均值变化呈现高低交替的波动趋势。城区降水中主要阳离子成分是Ca2+,主要阴离子成分是SO2-4和NO-3。(SO2-4/NO-3)比值逐年下降,平均比值为7.82,酸雨污染类型仍以硫酸型为主;降水(NH+4+Ca2+)/(SO2-4+NO-3)和Ca2+/NH+4比值呈波动性变化,2007年分别达到最高值为6.71和50.27,除2010年比值均较低小于1外,近年来均有增加趋势,表明碱性离子缓冲能力增强了,降水酸度降低,pH值增加,但2007年pH值较低,主要与降雨量有关。综合分析,降水酸度不仅是酸性离子和碱性离子中和作用,也受其他离子浓度和降雨量、风向等气候条件、距离传输以及地形等影响。     

桂林“5.9”山体滑坡的暴雨成因分析

对造成2011年5月9日广西桂林咸水乡山体滑坡的暴雨成因进行了分析,结果表明,滑坡是由于暴雨因素诱发的地质灾害,短时强暴雨是造成山体滑坡的直接原因.大量的水汽传送到滑坡点,同时低层辐合抬升,因而滑坡点是大暴雨的发生地.滑坡发生滞后强降雨结束2.5h.滑坡点位于暴雨中心带,暴雨区位于高空急流的右侧,200h Pa为强烈辐散区,高空辐散带的走向与山脉走向一致.西南低空急流与地形的相互作用是暴雨形成的直接原因,雷达回波显示在“湘桂走廊”存在强风速的出流与横向风速梯度,对应反射率有弓状回波,同时具有前侧V形人流缺口和后侧V形下沉缺口等对流单体特征.     

Effect of acid rain on the fractionation of heavy metals and major elements in contaminated soils

Acid rain is a serious environmental problem worldwide. In the present study, we investigated the effect of acid rain (1:1 equivalent basis H₂SO₄:HNO₃) at pH values of 2.0, 4.0 and 7.0 on the fractionation of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) and major elements (K, Na, Ca, and Mg) in contaminated calcareous soils over a 2084 h period. Heavy metals and major elements in soil samples were fractionated before and after 2084 h kinetic release using a sequential extraction procedure. Before kinetic studies the predominant fractions of K, Na, Ca, Mg, Cd and Ni were mainly associated with carbonate fraction (CARB), whereas Fe, Mn and Zn were associated with the Fe–Mn oxide fraction (Fe–Mn oxide). The highest percentage of Pb and Cu were found in the exchangeable (EXC) and organic matter (OM) fractions, respectively. After kinetic study using different simulated acid rain solutions, the major fractions of heavy metals (expect of Cu) and Na was the same as before release. Upon the application of different acid rain solutions, K and Mg were found dominantly in Fe–Mn oxide fraction, whereas Ca was in the EXC fraction. The results provide valuable information regarding metal mobility and indicated that speciation of metals (Cu and Zn) and major elements in contaminated calcareous soils can be affected by acid rain.