Differences in the rainwater composition on two consecutive days

The relationship between the rainwater composition on two consecutive rain days was analyzed. Logrono, a remote station in the North of Spain was chosen for the analyses. The concentration of the major ions in the rainwater of the first rain day is linearly related to the concentration of the second rain day except for those ions whose source is the soil (Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺). These ions are related to SO₄ ^2? and NO₃ ^? in the first rain day, but not in the second.     

深圳市酸雨变化特征及形成原因分析

深圳市长年属于较重酸雨区,对城市生态带来重要影响,酸雨污染已经成为当前迫切需要解决的环境问题。为了了解近年来深圳市降水的变化特征及污染状况,利用2001—-2011年的降水监测数据,分析了降水酸化程度及化学组分特征,探讨了致酸原因,’为酸雨污染控制对策制定提供基础依据。研究结果表明,深圳市酸雨污染在2004--2006年达到较高水平（降水pH值4,49～4．59）,2007年以来明显有所改善（降水pH值4．73～5．02）,酸雨频率也显著降低。在时间变化上呈现夏季酸雨污染相对较严重,在空间变化上表现出宝安区和龙岗区酸雨污染相对较轻。相对于北京等城市,深圳市降水中离子浓度较低,同时大气中污染物浓度也较低,表明深圳市降水比较清洁,但由于大气中碱性物质含量较低,导致降水酸性较强。深圳市近年降水[SO42-]／[NO3-]的比值不断下降并低于2,硫酸硝酸混合型酸雨特征明显,表明机动车对降水酸性的影响不断增强。Cl-和Na＋对降水阴阳离子的贡献较高（分别达到24％和30％）,反映降水受海洋的影响较大。深圳与广州、东莞、佛山等城市的降水酸度和酸雨频率变化趋势较为一致,区域传输对酸雨形成也有重要影响。     

吉林电网的暴雨灾害风险等级区划与评估研究

开展暴雨灾害对电网安全的风险等级区划与评估,可以指导电网的规划设计、建设、运行,最大限度保证电网安全.从风险评估四要素出发,充分考虑各要素的空间差异和权重差异,构建了等级划分标准,开展了风险区划和分区评价.结果表明:暴雨洪涝对吉林电网危害最高的地区是长春部分地区、吉林市辖区和通化的集安地区;其次是长春大部、四平大部、吉林部分地区和延边州的珲春部分地区;风险最低的地区主要在白城部分地区、白山部分地区及延边大部.从风险区划各指标的分析来看,通化地区南部的高风险性是由致灾因子的高危险性起主要作用,而吉林省中部地区的高、中风险性是由其孕灾环境的高敏感性及承灾体的高易损性引起的.     

模拟酸雨对五爪金龙幼苗光合生理特性的影响

在华南地区,酸雨引起的农作物和经济作物生长发育障碍常导致严重的经济损失,而一些有害入侵种在酸雨条件下仍在扩散,危害性未受到明显的抑制.因此,酸雨条件下入侵种生物学特性研究有助于揭示其入侵规律.在人工环境条件下（光照培养箱的温度为30 ℃,相对湿度为47.6%,光合有效辐射为63.6 μmol·m^-2·s^-1）进行五爪金龙（Ipomoea cairica L）盆栽试验.五爪金龙幼苗每天喷施营养液.采用模拟酸雨（pH梯度为2、3、4、5、6）对幼苗进行胁迫实验,利用LI-6400便携式光合仪和分光光度法测定其光合生理特性指标.结果表明：五爪金龙叶片净光合速率随酸雨pH值的下降而降低.当光合有效辐射（PAR）低于200 μmol·m^-2·s^-1时,不同酸雨处理叶片的净光合速率均随光合有效辐射强度的增加而增大;当光合有效辐射高于200 μmol·m^-2·s^-1时,同一光合有效辐射不同pH处理叶片的净光合速率均为：CK（对照） 〉 pH6.0 〉 pH5.0 〉 pH4.0 〉 pH3.0 〉pH2.0.随着酸雨pH值的下降,光饱和点、光补偿点、最大净光合速率、表观量子效率和暗呼吸速率均呈下降的趋势.其中,pH3.0和pH2.0酸雨处理对各项光合特性参数的抑制作用均达到了显著水平.酸雨胁迫导致五爪金龙叶片叶绿素含量下降,丙二醛含量（MDA）和可溶性糖含量均显著增加,表明酸雨胁迫对叶片细胞膜系统产生了破坏作用.pH6.0、pH5.0和pH4.0酸雨处理对五爪金龙的光合生理特性影响较小,pH值为3.0和2.0的酸雨处理对五爪金龙的光合能力抑制显著.酸雨胁迫导致五爪金龙利用强光能力下降,提高了其利用弱光的能力.五爪金龙光合生理特性对酸雨环境较为敏感,对酸雨胁迫具有一定的耐受性和适应性.     

水稻、小麦和油菜种子萌发POD与CAT对酸雨胁迫的响应

研究了pH 2.5～5.0模拟酸雨对水稻(O.sativa)、小麦(T.aestivum)和油菜(B.chinensis var.oleifera)种子萌发过程中POD、CAT活性影响.静态与动态实验结果表明,酸雨胁迫下,3类种子萌发时CAT与POD活性的变化幅度是水稻(28.8%,31.7%)<小麦(34.7%,48.3%)<油菜(79.3%,50.0%);CAT与POD与CK达到差异显著水平(p<0.05)的胁迫强度是水稻(pH3.5)>小麦(pH4.0)>油菜(pH5.0),说明保护酶抗酸雨能力是水稻>小麦>油菜.相同胁迫强度下,水稻、小麦和油菜种子CAT变幅     

酸雨对生菜的光合、抗氧化系统和产量的影响研究

目前国内外有关酸雨对植物生长危害的影响研究多集中在森林植物和粮食作物,而酸雨对叶菜类蔬菜生长的相关研究较少。酸雨的频发可能会影响蔬菜的生长,进而降低蔬菜产量。为探究酸雨对叶菜类蔬菜生理和产量的影响,选取生菜(Lactuca sativa L.var.ramosa Hort.)作为试验材料,采用野外原位研究方法,探究模拟酸雨(pH梯度为3.0、4.0、5.0)和自然降水(CK)对生菜光合、抗氧化系统和产量的影响。结果表明,pH 4.0和5.0酸雨对生菜光合系统影响不显著,pH 3.0酸雨对生菜光合系统影响显著;在整个试验期内,pH 3.0酸雨显著降低生菜净光合作用8.4%—17.0%。pH 3.0、4.0和5.0酸雨均显著提高生菜超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量,表明酸雨会激活生菜抗氧化系统,同时会对生菜叶片膜系统造成损伤;在第20天后,pH 3.0酸雨下生菜过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著下降13.8%%—35.2%。pH 5.0酸雨对生菜产量影响不显著;pH 4.0和3.0酸雨显著降低生菜地上部产量,分别降低14.6%和16.7%。pH 3.0酸雨使生菜地下部产量显著降低19.0%。综上可见,模拟酸雨对生菜的光合系统、抗氧化酶系统和产量均产生显著影响,且酸雨对生菜的影响阈值在pH 4—5之间,pH 4.0以下的酸雨明显降低生菜产量,但酸雨强度为pH 5.0时已存在生菜减产的风险,研究结果可为生菜栽培的相关农户以及决策部门提供参考。     

Land-Use Systems and Resilience of Tropical Rain Forests in the Tehuantepec Isthmus,Mexico

Land-cover types were analyzed for 1970, 1990 and 2000 as the bases for determining land-use systems and their influence on the resilience of tropical rain forests in the Tehuantepec Isthmus, Mexico. Deforestation (DR) and mean annual transformation rates were calculated from land-cover change data; thus, the classification of land-use change processes was determined according to their impact on resilience: a) Modification, including land-cover conservation and intensification, and b) Conversion, including disturbance and regeneration processes. Regeneration processes, from secondary vegetation under extensive use, cultivated vegetation under intensive use, and cultivated or induced vegetation under extensive use to mature or secondary vegetation, have high resilience capacity. In contrast, cattle-raising is characterized by rapid expansion, long-lasting change, and intense damages; thus, recent disturbance processes, which include the conversion to cattle-raising, provoke the downfall of the traditional agricultural system, and nullify the capacity of resilience of tropical rain forest. The land-use cover change processes reveal a) the existence of four land-use systems (forestry, extensive agriculture, extensive cattle-raising, and intensive uses) and b) a trend towards the replacement of agricultural and forestry systems by extensive cattle-raising, which was consolidated during 1990–2000 (DR of evergreen tropical rain forest=4.6%). Only the forestry system, which is not subject to deforestation, but is affected by factors such as selective timber, extraction, firewood collection, grazing, or human-induced fire, is considered to have high resilience (2 years), compared to agriculture (2–10 years) or cattle-raising (nonresilient). It is concluded that the analysis of land-use systems is essential for understanding the implications of land-use cover dynamics on forest recovery and land degradation in tropical rain forests.     

强化火电厂治理工作控制酸雨和空气污染

结合当前我国大气污染控制工作的严峻形势，分析了我国火电行业大气污染控制工作的进展情况、存在问题及控制措施等。     

都匀市降水pH值的变化趋势及特征分析

ｐＨ值是衡量降水酸性的重要指标。本文研究了都匀市降水ｐＨ值的变化趋势，并对其酸性降水的特征进行分析，提出了保护大气质量，降低酸雨频率的对策建议。     

APPLICATION OF A SINGLE RESERVOIR OPERATION POLICY TO A RAIN WATER CISTERN SYSTEM1

The operation policy for a single reservoir is applied to a rain water cistern system because the functions of a cistern are similar to a simple single reservoir. Since the cistern is a closed system, water loss is negligible. In this study, a dynamic programming analysis has been made to study the effects of the probable weekly rainfall and the water storage in the cistern towards the water consumption policy. The result of this study indicates that the water consumption rate should be adjusted into a lower rate when the water storage in the cistern is low and/or when the expected probable weekly rainfall is low if the owner of the cistern does not want to risk the chance of an empty cistern. The demand for a reliable method for forecasting weekly rainfall is evident in this study.