Performance Assessment of Rain Gardens1

Abstract: The most widely used approach for evaluating the performance of stormwater best management practices (BMPs) such as rain gardens is monitoring, but this approach can involve a long time period to observe a sufficient number and variety of storm events, a high level of effort, and unavoidable uncertainty. In this paper, we describe the development and evaluation of three approaches for performance assessment of rain gardens: visual inspection, infiltration rate testing, and synthetic drawdown testing. Twelve rain gardens in Minnesota underwent visual inspection, with four determined to be nonfunctional based on one or more of the following criteria: (1) presence of ponded water, (2) presence of hydric soils, (3) presence of emergent (wetland) vegetation, and (4) failing vegetation. It is believed that these rain gardens failed due to a lack of maintenance. For the remaining eight rain gardens, an infiltrometer was used to determine the saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_sat) of the soil surface at several locations throughout each basin in what is termed infiltration rate testing. The median K_sat values for the rain gardens ranged from 3 to 72 cm/h. Synthetic drawdown testing was performed on three rain gardens by filling the basins with water to capacity where possible and recording water level over time. The observed drain times for two of those rain gardens were in good agreement with predictions based on the median of the infiltrometer measurements. The observed drain time for the third rain garden was much greater than predicted due to the presence of a restrictive soil layer beneath the topsoil. The assessment approaches developed in this research should prove useful for determining whether the construction of the rain garden was performed properly, a rain garden is functioning properly, and for developing maintenance tasks and schedules.     

无GGH湿法脱硫工艺的“石膏雨”防治设计与运行优化

为了解决火力发电厂无GGH湿法脱硫工艺出现的“石膏雨”问题,神华万州发电厂从脱硫吸收塔内部流场调整、结构设置、烟气流速、边界条件设定、烟囱结构优化等方面进行设计和优化运行,在很大程度上减少了湿法脱硫的“石膏雨”现象的发生。     

火电厂湿法脱硫石膏雨和白雾治理措施及效果分析

安装有湿法烟气脱硫装置的火电厂一般都存在石膏雨及白雾现象,从烟气的成份与状态出发阐述了石膏雨及白雾的表现形态,并从吸收塔、烟道及烟囱、环境3个环节分析了石膏雨及白雾现象形成的途径,以及净烟气中固体颗粒、液态水、烟道冷凝水、烟囱冷凝水、环境冷凝水和白雾等6个治理要素,系统地从吸收塔、烟道及烟囱环节提出了石膏雨及白雾现象治理的措施,并分析了各种措施的优缺点及效果。     

Rain‐washing of mimic®, RH‐5992, from balsam fir foliage following application of two formulations

Abstract

Two formulation concentrates of the insecticide, RH‐5992 [N'‐t‐butyl‐N'‐(3,5‐dimethylbenzoyl)‐N‐(4‐ethylbenzoyI) hydrazine], an aqueous flowable (2F) and an emulsion‐suspension (ES), were diluted with water to provide spray mixes containing dosage rates ranging from 35 to 150 g of the active ingredient (AI)/ha. The mixes were sprayed in a laboratory chamber, onto balsam fir branch tips collected from field trees and greenhouse‐grown seedlings. Droplet spectra and spray mass recovery were determined on artificial samplers. Simulated rainfall of two different intensities was applied at different rain‐free periods, and rain droplet sizes were determined. Foliar washoff of RH‐5992 was assessed after application of different amounts of rain, and the increase in soil residues was evaluated.

A direct relationship was indicated between the amount of rainfall and RH‐5992 washoff. The larger the rain droplet size, the greater the amount washed off. Longer rain‐free periods made the deposits more resistant to rain. Regardless of the amount of rainfall, rain droplet size and rain‐free period, foliar deposits of the 2F formulation were washed off to a greater extent than the ES formulation. The increase in soil residues due to foliar washoff was greater for the 2F than for the ES formulation. The deposits of the emulsion‐suspension were consistently more resistant to rain‐washing than those of the aqueous flowable formulation.     

Trends in Chemical Composition of Wet-only Precipitation at Rural French Monitoring Stations Over the 1990–2003 Period

The long-term monitoring of precipitation and its chemical composition are important for identifying trends in rain quality and for assessing the effectiveness of pollution control strategies. A statistical test has been used to the atmospheric concentrations measured in the French rural monitoring network (MERA) in order to bring out spatio-temporal trends in precipitation quality in France over the period 1990–2003. The non-parametric Mann–Kendall test which has been developed for detecting and estimating monotonic trends in the time series was used and applied in our study at annual values of wet-only precipitation concentrations. The emission data suggest that SO₂ and NO _x emissions decreased (−3.3 and −2.0% year⁻¹, respectively) contrary to NH₃ emissions that increased slightly (+0.2% year⁻¹) over the period 1990–2002 in France. On the national scale, the pH values have a significant decreasing trend of −0.025 ± 0.02 unit pH year⁻¹. and concentrations in precipitation have a significant decreasing trend, −3.0 ± 1.6 and −3.3 ± 0.6% year⁻¹, respectively, corresponding with the downward trends in SO₂ emissions in France (−3.3% year⁻¹). A good correlation (R ² = 0.84) between SO₂ emissions and concentrations was obtained. The decreasing trend of was more significant (−5.4 ± 5.2% year⁻¹) than that of (−1.3 ± 2.4% year⁻¹). Globally, the concentration of the major ions showed a clear downward trend including marine and alkaline ions. In addition, the relative contribution of HNO₃ to acidity precipitation increased by 51% over the studied period.     

1998年长江流域暴雨洪水环流背景分析

１９９８年主汛期,由于西太平洋副热带持续偏南、偏强,中高纬度维持稳定的阻塞形势,６、７月雨带长期在鄱阳湖、没庭湖地区徘徊,造成长江中下游地区严重洪涝;８月随着副高北抬,长江上游出现多次强降水过程,长江干流受中下游洪水顶主上游洪峰下泻的影响,水位居高不下,多数水文站出现了超记录的历史最高水位。１９９８年的已成为一次少有的新的长江大洪水的典型。     

酸雨条件下城市农业土壤镉的释放研究

本文选取成都市典型农业土壤为研究对象,根据成都市降雨特征,模拟一定范围pH及主要阴、阳离子浓度配制成母液开展酸雨淋滤实验,以确定酸雨中影响土壤重金属元素镉溶解度的关键因素,探明其对镉释放的影响程度。研究结果表明,总体上酸雨加速了土壤镉的释放。不同类型土壤在同一酸雨条件下,镉的释放速度和最大释放量也不同。酸雨pH值和主要阴、阳离子浓度对镉释放的影响有明显的规律。     

2001-2018年浙江省酸雨变化特征及影响因素分析

利用2001-2018年浙江省32个城市酸雨观测资料,结合数理统计和GIS空间插值,分析了全省降水酸度变化、化学组分特征及其影响因素.研究结果表明,以2009年为拐点,浙江省酸雨污染呈先加重后减轻的趋势,降水酸度和酸雨率均得到显著改善.2009年后,轻酸雨城市的比例不断上升.至2018年,全省大部分城市均处于轻酸雨区,...     

上海市近16年湿沉降化学特征分析

对上海市1992-2007年湿沉降监测结果进行研究,16年来,上海市湿沉降主要呈现以下特征:pH总体呈现下降趋势,酸雨频率呈现上升趋势;2002年起升幅很大;硫酸根离子和钙离子浓度总体呈下降趋势,2003年后,各离子浓度都有一定程度下降;钙离子在总阳离子中的比例总体上明显下降,铵离子与总阳离子的百分比总体上呈上升趋势;硫酸根离子在总阴离子中的比例有所下降,硝酸根离子与总阴离子的百分比则一直呈上升趋势;硫酸根与硝酸根年均值的比值总体上呈明显的下降趋势,表明硫酸型在逐渐减弱;钙离子与铵离子的比值总体上也呈明显的下降趋势。     

9种草本观赏植物叶绿素含量和细胞膜透性对酸雨胁迫的响应

研究模拟酸雨(pH 2.0、3.0、3.5)对9种草本观赏植物叶片叶绿素(Chl)含量和细胞质膜透性的影响。结果表明,酸雨强度与草本观赏植物Chl含量呈负相关,酸雨胁迫次数越多,Chl含量越低,不同pH胁迫只是变幅之间存在差异,而在酸雨处理终止后,植物叶片Chl含量逐步恢复,且不同敏感型植物在各时段的恢复速度(或修复进程)不同,其规律为敏感植物<中等植物<抗性植物。酸雨强度与植物叶片质膜透性呈正相关,每增加1次酸雨胁迫,植物叶片质膜透性在前次基础上有所增加,增加幅度也表现出敏感植物>中等植物>抗性植物的基本规律。酸雨处理结束后,3类植物叶片质膜透性基本呈现“低—高—低”变化规律,质膜透性的变化峰值多出现在酸雨处理终止后的48 h,仅变化幅度存在差异,即敏感植物>中等植物>抗性植物。