基于水资源再利用的自动蓄水循环系统

提出一种居民家庭自动蓄水循环系统和二次循环水利用及新型概念房的构想。通过错过夏天用水高峰时段,合理利用夜晚水压进行水箱日常用水的自动补给。中水回用和雨水收集使得在概念房的有限面积内达到最大的水循环利用效率。     

Precipitation Chemistry and Occurrence of Acid Rain Over Dhanbad, Coal City of India

The present study investigated the chemical composition of wet atmospheric precipitation over Dhanbad, coal city of India. The precipitation samples were collected on event basis for three years (July 2003 to October 2005) at Central Mining Research Institute. The precipitation samples were analyzed for pH, conductivity, major anions (F, Cl, NO₃, SO₄) and cations (Ca, Mg, Na, K, NH₄). The pH value varied from 4.01 to 6.92 (avg. 5.37) indicating acidic to alkaline nature of rainwater. The pH of the rainwater was found well above the reference pH (5.6), showing alkalinity during the non-monsoon and early phase of monsoon, but during the late phase of monsoon, pH tendency was towards acidity (<5.6~pH) indicating the non-availability of proper neutralizer for acidic ions. The observed acidic events at this site were 91, (n = 162) accounting 56% for the entire monitoring months. The (NO₃ + Cl)/SO₄ ratio in majority of samples was found below 1.0, indicating that the acidity is greatly influenced by SO₄. The calculated ratio of (Ca + NH₄)/(NO₃ + SO₄) ranges between 0.42–5.13 (average 1.14), however in most of the samples, the ratio is greater than unity (>1.0) indicating that Ca and NH₄ play an important role in neutralization of acidic ions in rainwater. Ca and SO₄ dominate the bulk ionic deposition and these two ions along with NH₄ accounts 63% of the annual ionic deposition.     

深圳降水中低分子量有机酸对降雨酸性的贡献

有机酸可能对降水酸性具有重要贡献,尤其是深圳处于亚热带地区太阳辐射强烈、光化学过程活跃,有利于有机酸的生成.对深圳市2004─2005年降雨中有机酸进行研究,结果表明:含量最高的有机酸依次为甲酸、乙二酸和乙酸,三者之和超过总有机酸浓度的98%;有机酸对阴离子总浓度的贡献约7%,对降水总自由酸度(TFA)的贡献约5%,上述各值均高于北京,深圳有机酸对降水的酸度有一定的贡献;深圳有机酸的湿沉降主要集中在夏季,此时酸性物质沉降量大,因此有必要减少夏季深圳有机酸的排放.      

模拟酸雨对红壤中硅铝铁释放的影响

通过模拟酸雨对湖南红壤的淋溶实验,分析了淋溶液pH值和硅铝铁离子动力学释放规律和特点.结果表明,在一定淋溶范围时,酸雨酸度是决定红壤矿物溶解及离子释放的主要因素,且硅、铝、铁对酸雨响应存在差异.在pH<5.6的各酸度酸雨淋溶下,硅均有大量释放,铁基本无释放.pH在3.0～5.6时铝的释放量很小,只有在酸雨pH值较低时才会有大量溶出.随酸雨淋溶的进行,酸雨pH在3.0～5.6的硅铝释放能力总体呈下降趋势.pH 2.5的酸雨可使红壤矿物的风化作用加强,硅铝释放量均明显增加,铝的增幅更大,但随淋溶量增加硅铝释放能力的增长速度趋缓.实验结果还表明,红壤受酸雨影响pH值降到一定程度后,淋出液中铝浓度与其pH值及DOC都呈线性负相关,酸沉降可破坏固相有机络合铝并使其溶出,但强酸性酸雨作用下红壤溶解而释放的铝主要来自铝硅酸盐的溶解.     

酸雨淋溶对铬渣中Cr6+释放的影响

采用人工柱对3个不同年代的铬渣进行为期5年不同pH值(4.0,5.0,6.0)下的模拟酸雨淋溶实验,结果表明:淋溶前铬渣具有很强的腐蚀性,pH值达到12以上,总铬和Cr6 分别占铬渣的4.68%-4.86%和1.19%-1.73%;Cr6 溶出浓度在淋溶初期大,随着淋溶时间的增加,溶出浓度急剧下降,淋溶接近第二年雨量时,溶出浓度减小且趋于稳定.5年模拟酸雨淋溶后,Cr6 累积溶出范围在2138-4490mg,浸出液浓度稳定范围50-127mg·l-1,仍然远高于排放标准.铬渣淋溶后,残渣态和结晶铁锰氧化物结合态铬含量保持不变,水溶态、酸溶态和稳定铁锰氧化物结合态铬有不同程度减小.     

云南省抚仙湖流域帽天山磷矿区磷流失过程模拟研究

通过批平衡实验和土柱淋溶实验,模拟在环境因子(pH值、降雨频度)的影响下,磷矿石、废土石和废渣中磷的释放规律.结果表明,磷石膏和泥磷中磷的释放受pH值的影响较小,维持较为恒定的高释放量.磷矿石、矿坑沉积物和废土石中磷的解吸受pH值影响,pH值愈低,愈有利于磷的释放;当解吸溶液pH值为3.50时,废土石和磷矿石中磷的释放量仍可达到2.25 mg·l-1和3.15 mg·l-1.间歇淋溶过程促进了磷矿石、废土石和磷石膏中磷的释放,对废土石中磷的释放作用尤为显著,干燥后再次降雨的释放量比初期降雨高出3倍.帽天山磷矿区大面积裸露的磷矿石剖面、废土石堆场和废渣堆场在酸性溶液的淋溶作用下能够产生大量的磷流失,而且这个过程是持久的,是抚仙湖水质下降的主要因素.     

黄海春夏季降水中常量离子化学特征分析

采集黄海千里岩岛春、夏季(2002年3月至8月)降水样品20个,测定了H 、F-、Cl-、NO 3、SO2-4、K 、Na 、Ca2 、Mg2 、NH 4,并对常量阴、阳离子的含量及组成特征进行了分析与探讨.应用相关性分析及典型相关分析方法分别对降水中常量阴、阳离子及常量阴、阳离子整体间关系进行分析;结果显示,常量阴、阳离子整体间具有较强相关性;因子分析结果显示,各常量离子化学特征可基本确定为两个因子,F因子(FA1)及Na-Cl因子(FA2),在主因子FA1-FA2空间,绝大多数样本点聚类,部分结果水平远离平均水平,样本点异常可归为两类,分别受F因子(FA1)及Na-Cl因子(FA2)影响.     

2006年泸州市酸雨及降水中阴、阳离子浅析

本文对2006年泸州市的酸雨污染状况,以及降水中阴、阳离子成分进行了分析,为确定泸州市酸雨污染原因和酸雨类型提供了依据,并对降低酸雨污染提出了控制措施。     

酸雨对鼎湖山土壤的累积效应及荷木的反应

运用盆栽实验研究了酸雨对鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林土壤危害的累积效应和优势树种荷木的一些生理反应.结果表明,在酸雨直接淋洗土壤的条件下,与对照相比,土壤酸度,土壤淋洗液酸度增加;土壤交换性K⁺、Na⁺上升,Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺和有效Mn、Zn下降;土壤淋洗液中K、Na含量下降,Ca、Mg、Cu、Fe、Mn和Al在pH3.05的酸雨处理下含量显著上升;但生长于模拟酸雨土壤中的荷木在土壤化学性质发生变化后仍能健康生长.     

Mobility and speciation of Cd,Cu,and Zn in two acidic soils affected by simulated acid rain

Through a batch experiment, the mobility and speciation of heavy metals(Cd, Cu, Zn) in two acidic forest soils from Hunan Province were studied. The results showed that the release and potential active speciation of Cd, Cu, and Zn in the tested contaminated red soil(CRS) and yellow red soil(CYRS) increased significantly with pH decreasing and ion concentrations increasing of simulated acid rain, and these effects were mainly decided by the pH value of simulated acid rain. Cd had the highest potential nsk on the environment compared with Cu and Zn. Cd existed mainly in exchangeable form in residual CRS and CYRS, Cu in organically bound and Mn-oxide occluded forms, and Zn in mineral forms due to the high background values.