自贡市酸雨状况及控制对策

本文分析了自贡市酸雨现状,提出控制酸雨污染的对策。     

Mobility and speciation of Cd,Cu,and Zn in two acidic soils affected by simulated acid rain

Through a batch experiment, the mobility and speciation of heavy metals(Cd, Cu, Zn) in two acidic forest soils from Hunan Province were studied. The results showed that the release and potential active speciation of Cd, Cu, and Zn in the tested contaminated red soil(CRS) and yellow red soil(CYRS) increased significantly with pH decreasing and ion concentrations increasing of simulated acid rain, and these effects were mainly decided by the pH value of simulated acid rain. Cd had the highest potential nsk on the environment compared with Cu and Zn. Cd existed mainly in exchangeable form in residual CRS and CYRS, Cu in organically bound and Mn-oxide occluded forms, and Zn in mineral forms due to the high background values.     

模拟酸雨对红壤中铬释放的影响研究

采用室内模拟酸雨淋溶土柱的方法,研究了酸雨淋溶下4种红壤铬的释放特征与规律.结果表明:经过相当于9 150和10 650 mm降水量的淋溶后,与对照(pH为5.6)相比,pH为4.5的酸雨使红壤铬的累积释放量提高4.03%～88.54%,pH为3.5的酸雨使其提高6.75%～308.42%;不同红壤铬的释放量随淋溶量的变化规律较为相似,总体上表现为释放量随淋溶量的增加而缓慢上升.酸雨对红壤铬释放的促进作用一方面是由于酸雨提高了Cr(OH)₃的溶解度;另一方面是由于H+对Cr3+的竞争吸附作用、酸雨所导致的土壤溶液中离子强度增加及酸雨对土壤胶体(主要是铝和铁的氧化物及氢氧化物)的溶蚀作用而降低了Cr(Ⅲ)的吸附量.      

Chemical composition and seasonal variation of acid deposition in Guangzhou, South China: comparison with precipitation in other major Chinese cities

With the aim of understanding the origin of acid rains in South China, we analyzed rainwaters collected from Guangzhou, China, between March 2005 and February 2006. The pH of rainwater collected during the monitoring period varied from 4.22 to 5.87; acid rain represented about 94% of total precipitation during this period. The rainwater was characterized by high concentrations of SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻, Ca²⁺, and NH₄⁺. SO₄²⁻ and NO₃⁻, the main precursors of acid rain, were related to the combustion of coal and fertilizer use/traffic emissions, respectively. Ca²⁺ and NH₄⁺ act as neutralizers of acid, accounting for the decoupling between high SO₄²⁻ concentrations and relatively high pH in the Guangzhou precipitation. The acid rain in Guangzhou is most pronounced during spring and summer. A comparison with acid precipitation in other Chinese cities reveals a decreasing neutralization capacity from north to south, probably related to the role and origin of alkaline bases in precipitation.     

模拟酸雨对土壤盐基离子的淋溶释放影响

选取南方主要酸沉降区土壤作模拟酸雨淋溶实验,探讨在酸雨作用下各土壤随降水酸度、降水过程及 降水量的变化其盐基离子的淋溶特性及影响因素。     

一次局地灾害性强降水过程的数值模拟分析

利用高分辨率MM5V3模式对发生在北京密云县一次引发泥石流的局地灾害性暴雨过程进行了模拟研究.结果表明,精确的初始场信息对于高质量的预报是重要的.应用湿位涡理论分析表明,系统发展的因子包括:①中β尺度涡旋附近高低层间存在较强的风垂直切变;②层结接近中性;③低层能量锋特征较明显.这些因子的共同效应导致了中β尺度涡旋的发展.     

我国西双版纳夜雨资源的农业气候分析

研究了西双版纳地区夜雨及雾雨的天气气候特征及时空分布规律,分析了夜雨、雾雨的形成机制及其农业气候意义。结果表明,本区降水呈夜雨与昼雨相均衡的状况,夜雨率达５４５％～５７７％,尤其是雾季和干热季可分别达７１４％、７０６％。夜雨形成多是山风环流造成的地形雨,雨强小,雨时长,因而对作物的有效性高。夜间雾雨则在作物生态环境中起着至关重要的作用,可部分缓解干旱季节作物需水的不足。因此,深入探讨夜雨和雾雨资源是制定有效防御干旱对策的重要依据。     

当前酸雨形势和治理对策

中国的酸雨状况有发展严重的趋势,酸雨的面积有增加的倾向.在大量文献调研的基础上,分析当前中国酸雨的基本情况,解释了酸雨的危害情况,对酸雨的防治方法做了详细的介绍.并结合江苏省的具体情况,着重分析江苏省的酸雨状况,并提出了对策和建议.     

安徽省酸雨分布特征和发展趋势及其影响因子

利用气象部门7个酸雨观测站资料、安徽及周边部分省份煤耗量、卫星观测的对流层NO2柱含量资料,分析了安徽酸雨的空间分布、发展趋势及酸雨发生频率上升的原因;同时,借助轨迹分析和聚类分析的方法分析了输送形势对各地酸雨的影响.2006～2008年间安徽酸雨频率表现为夏季低、秋季高,3 a降水均值呈酸性,其中合肥、安庆、马鞍山和蚌埠为中度酸性.在空间分布上表现为皖南到江淮之间最为严重,向北递减.阜阳、铜陵和黄山的降水pH值比较集中,各有75%以上位于6.00～7.50(阜阳)、5.00～6.00(铜陵)和5.00～6.50(黄山);其它测站的pH值分布范围比较大,峰值分别位于4.00～4.50(合肥和安庆)、5.00～5.50(马鞍山)和5.50～6.00(蚌埠).与10 a前相比,各地酸雨发生频率都大幅度上升.后向轨迹-聚类分析结果表明,酸雨发生频率与污染物的外来输送密切相关,各地都是来自偏东南到偏东北方向,尤其是经过江苏或浙江的气团对应着最高的中度以上酸雨发生频率,说明长江三角洲等经济发达地区的大气污染物排放对安徽酸雨有较大贡献.统计分析发现合肥酸雨变化趋势与安徽、浙江和江苏的煤耗量、对流层NO2柱含量的变化趋势都很一致(相关系数均大于0.7),再次说明该市酸雨增多、变强与区域污染物排放有密切联系.     

模拟酸雨对不同土层酸度和K+淋失规律的影响

在江西表土施用KCl肥料后,用室内模拟酸雨的土柱实验,研究酸雨对不同土层酸度及K⁺淋失的影响.其结果表明,不同土层淋出液pH值的变化先下降后上升,但起始pH值存在明显差异,pH2.5酸雨在A层和AB层淋溶的中后期又下降;淋出液电导变化有一个峰值,其出现在淋溶的起始阶段,表明土壤中养分迅速向下迁移.K+的淋失与降雨的酸度有关,pH2.5酸雨会加速K⁺在土体内向下迁移,在A层土壤中K⁺的释放可分为2个阶段:快速释放过程和中速释放过程;至于pH4.5酸雨淋溶下,K⁺淋失分为快速释放过程和慢速释放过程.