Chemical characteristics of precipitation and wet deposition of major ions in Liaozhong County of Liaoning Province,Northeast China

The chemical characteristics of precipitation were analyzed based on the chemical composition of principal ionic within acid rain（from February 2007 to January 2008）of Liaozhong Meteorological Station located in Malong Village in Liaozhong County of Northeast China,meteorological conditions on the corresponding period ground,and variation of several air pollutants concentration.The results indicated that:（1）The precipitation average pH value of all samples was4.76;the frequency of acid rain during the observation period was 70.7%;the frequency was 82.8%in summer and autumn.（2）In the chemical composition of precipitation,the primary anions were SO₄^2-and NO₃^-;the primary cations were NH₄⁺and Ca²⁺.（3）All concentration of anions was higher in summer and winter,but relatively low in spring and autumn.This showed that the relationship between regional rainfall acidification and pollution was not significant.（4）Rainwater acidity and nearly floor gaseous pollution concentration were different from each other,and pH and NO_x,CO,NO₂ and O₃concentrations showed significant negative correlation,but was not obvious with SO₂ concentration.However,the pH and alkaline pollutants,such as particulate,was positively correlative.     

PREDICTIVE REAL TIME CONTROL OF SURCHARGED INTERCEPTORS: IMPACT OF SEVERAL CONTROL PARAMETERS1

ABSTRACT: A global predictive real time control strategy minimizing overflow volumes from combined sewers during rainfall was applied to control flows entering the Marigot interceptor (Laval, Canada) for 23 rain events that occurred in this urban area during the summer of 1989. Different surcharge intensities were allowed in the sewer. The duration of the control horizon as well as the location and number of control regulators were varied to assess the impact of these parameters on total overflow volumes and on control safety. Due to the high propagation speed of flow waves in pressurized conduits, it was found that five‐ minute control horizons were sufficient to ensure control performance and safety when important surcharges were permitted in the interceptor and when the controlled regulators were located where pressurized flow occurred. It was also found that it is possible to reduce the number of controlled regulators by placing them at locations intercepting the largest volumes of water during rain periods.     

惯性器件加速试验环境谱编制与数据处理方法研究

目的研究模拟惯性器件贮存环境温度变化的加速环境谱与加速试验方法。方法监测样品贮存环境温度应力变化的同时,检测样品性能的变化,通过雨流计数法将温度变化曲线转化为温度环境谱后再转换为加速环境谱,依照加速环境谱开展试验,通过试验结果与自然贮存样品性能比对,开展试验样品性能评价。结果以2012年某试验库房的温度数据为例,通过转换得到了模拟惯性器件贮存环境的环境谱和加速环境谱,并得到了用于指导惯性器件加速试验的方法。结论将雨流计数法用于处理惯性器件经历的温度曲线,转化得到的加速试验方法,可以较好地模拟惯性器件贮存实际经历的温度变化过程,指导对惯性器件的性能变化趋势进行预测和评价。     

酸雨对植物光合作用影响的研究进展

随着近年全球酸雨污染程度加重,酸雨对植物的影响受到国内外学者广泛关注。光合作用既是植物生物量和生态系统初级生产量形成的物质基础,也是影响植物生长发育的重要生理过程,因此研究酸雨对植物光合作用影响意义重大。综述了近年有关酸雨对植物叶片形态结构、叶绿体微结构、不同生态型、生活型和不同生育期植物净光合速率的影响,以及不同酸雨组成与复合污染对植物净光合速率影响的相关报道;并从气孔参数、光合色素、叶绿素荧光参数和叶绿体微结构等方面分析酸雨对植物光合作用影响的机制。结果表明:酸雨对植物光合作用器官叶片的影响由外向内递进,由结构向功能延伸;酸雨对植物的胁迫效果存在生态型与生活型差异;在作物不同生育阶段,酸雨对孕穗期影响最为明显;不同成分酸雨对植物影响存在差异,且硝酸型或混合型酸雨对植物的影响大于硫酸型酸雨。     

模拟酸雨对水稻叶片抗氧化系统影响的时间效应

采取有效措施减轻酸雨对植物的伤害必须建立在明晰植物对酸雨适应机制的基础上。为探究植物的抗氧化系统及质膜上重要功能蛋白对酸雨胁迫的适应机制,采用模拟试验方法,以pH=7.0为对照(CK),分析pH=4.0和2.5酸雨对水稻叶片内丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢(H_2O_2)、超氧化物自由基(O-2·)含量及抗氧化系统(超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸(ASA))和质膜H+-ATPsae活性影响的时间效应。结果表明,与对照(CK)相比,pH=4.0、2.5酸雨在胁迫1~5 d时引起水稻叶片MDA、H_2O_2、O-2·含量,SOD、CAT活性,ASA质量比和质膜H+-ATPsae活性上升,仅pH=4.0组SOD活性在第5 d出现峰值,其他指标出现"时滞";在胁迫解除后,pH=4.0组各指标在第6~10 d逐渐恢复至CK水平,而pH=2.5组各指标(除质膜H+-ATPase活性低于CK外)仍显著高于CK。这表明在pH=4.0酸雨胁迫下水稻幼苗叶片中SOD和CAT活性与ASA质量比上升有效降低了H_2O_2和O-2·积累、MDA含量、质膜过氧化程度,因而,质膜H+-ATPsae活性恢复至CK并保持稳定;pH=2.5酸雨引起H_2O_2、O-2·过量积累,不仅超出抗氧化酶的清除能力且致使酶钝化,导致MDA含量持续增加,氧化伤害加剧,造成质膜上功能蛋白H+-ATPase活性受抑,其调节胞内pH值功能受阻。水稻抗氧化系统对酸雨胁迫的响应呈明显时间效应,且响应的敏感性从强到弱依次为SOD、CAT、ASA。水稻抗氧化系统恢复程度与恢复进程的快慢受胁迫强度制约。     

咸宁市区酸雨状况及其成因分析

采用2006-2010年咸宁市区降水监测数据,对咸宁市酸雨现状及形成原因进行了全面系统的分析。分析结果表明,咸宁市酸雨由硫酸和硝酸混合型向硫酸型过渡,且外来污染源的输入是造成咸宁市酸雨污染的主要原因。     

工程装备车辆淋雨试验室设计参数的确定

淋雨试验室是重要的工程装备车辆定型试验设施,其设计参数直接影响淋雨试验室的适用范围和防雨密封性试验结果。从淋雨强度、喷嘴型式、喷嘴间距等方面阐述淋雨试验室设计时如何进行参数确定。     

模拟酸雨对非金属建筑材料影响的研究──混凝土等材料的外观、质量、体积的变化及溶解速率

用周期浸泡加速试验方法研究ｐＨ为５．６、３．５和１．０时浓度为０．０、０．０６、０．１、０．２ｍｏｌ／Ｌ大种模拟酸雨对混凝土、砂浆和灰砂砖的影响。观察材料的外观、质量和体积的变化，并根据模拟酸雨侵蚀材料前后的酸度和化学组分的变化，得到酸雨溶解材料的速率和材料中各组分的溶出速率。     

Biomass Burning in the Amazon-Fertilizer for the Mountaineous Rain Forest in Ecuador (7 pp)

Background Biomass burning is a source of carbon, sulfur and nitrogen compounds which, along with their photochemically generated reaction products, can be transported over very long distances, even traversing oceans. Chemical analyses of rain and fogwater samples collected in the mountaineous rain forest of south Ecuador show frequent episodes of high sulfate and nitrate concentration, from which annual deposition rates are derived comparable to those found in polluted central Europe. As significant anthropogenic sources are lacking at the research site it is suspected that biomass burning upwind in the Amazon basin is the major source of the enhanced sulfate and nitrate imput. Methods Regular rain and fogwater sampling along an altitude profile between 1800 and 3185 m has been carried out in the Podocarpus National Park close to the Rio SanFrancisco (3°58'S, 79°5'W) in southern Ecuador. pH values, electrical conductivity and chemical ion composition were measured at the TUM-WZW using standard methods. Results and Discussion Results reported cover over one year from March 2002 until May 2003. Annual deposition rates of sulfate were calculated ranging between 4 and 13 kg S/ha year, almost as high as in polluted central Europe. Nitrogen deposition via ammonia (1.5–4.4 kg N/ha year) and nitrate (0.5–0.8 kg N/ha year) was found to be lower but still much higher than to be expected in such pristine natural forest environment. By means of back trajectory analyses it can be shown that most of the enhanced sulfur and nitrogen deposition is most likely due to forest fires far upwind of the Ecuadorian sampling site, showing a seasonal variation, with sources predominantly found in the East/NorthEast during January–March (Colombia, Venezuela, Northern Brazil) and East/SouthEast during July–September (Peru, Brazil). Conclusion Our results show that biomass burning in the Amazon basin is the predominant source of sulfur and nitrogen compounds that fertilize the mountaineous rain forest in south Ecuador. Recommendation and Outlook The mountaineous rain forest in south Ecuador has developed on poor and acid soils, with low nutrient availability. The additional fertilization resulting from anthropogenic biomass burning constitutes a significant disturbance of this ecosystem, its functioning and biodiversity. Thus it is planned to employ isotope analyses for quantifying the pathways of nitrate and sulfate deposition in these natural forests.     

Pesticides in rain

40 rainwater samples were collected in Hannover and near Peine (Lower Saxony, Germany) in 1992 using a wet-only collector. The samples were extracted by solid phase extraction and analyzed by GC/MS for 59 pesticides. 11 pesticides were found in more than 10 samples. The highest concentrations were observed for terbuthylazine (0.003 – 0.52 μg/L ), metolachlor (0.003 – 0.51 pg/L, mean: 0.10 μg/L), metalaxyl (0.006 – 0.48 μg/L, mean: 0.10 pg/L) and chlorothalonil (0.003 – 1.1 μg/L, mean: 0.16 μg/L). The concentrations show a seasonal dependence reflecting the application periods.