模拟酸雨对非金属建筑材料影响的研究──混凝土等材料的外观、质量、体积的变化及溶解速率

用周期浸泡加速试验方法研究ｐＨ为５．６、３．５和１．０时浓度为０．０、０．０６、０．１、０．２ｍｏｌ／Ｌ大种模拟酸雨对混凝土、砂浆和灰砂砖的影响。观察材料的外观、质量和体积的变化，并根据模拟酸雨侵蚀材料前后的酸度和化学组分的变化，得到酸雨溶解材料的速率和材料中各组分的溶出速率。     

Biomass Burning in the Amazon-Fertilizer for the Mountaineous Rain Forest in Ecuador (7 pp)

Background Biomass burning is a source of carbon, sulfur and nitrogen compounds which, along with their photochemically generated reaction products, can be transported over very long distances, even traversing oceans. Chemical analyses of rain and fogwater samples collected in the mountaineous rain forest of south Ecuador show frequent episodes of high sulfate and nitrate concentration, from which annual deposition rates are derived comparable to those found in polluted central Europe. As significant anthropogenic sources are lacking at the research site it is suspected that biomass burning upwind in the Amazon basin is the major source of the enhanced sulfate and nitrate imput. Methods Regular rain and fogwater sampling along an altitude profile between 1800 and 3185 m has been carried out in the Podocarpus National Park close to the Rio SanFrancisco (3°58'S, 79°5'W) in southern Ecuador. pH values, electrical conductivity and chemical ion composition were measured at the TUM-WZW using standard methods. Results and Discussion Results reported cover over one year from March 2002 until May 2003. Annual deposition rates of sulfate were calculated ranging between 4 and 13 kg S/ha year, almost as high as in polluted central Europe. Nitrogen deposition via ammonia (1.5–4.4 kg N/ha year) and nitrate (0.5–0.8 kg N/ha year) was found to be lower but still much higher than to be expected in such pristine natural forest environment. By means of back trajectory analyses it can be shown that most of the enhanced sulfur and nitrogen deposition is most likely due to forest fires far upwind of the Ecuadorian sampling site, showing a seasonal variation, with sources predominantly found in the East/NorthEast during January–March (Colombia, Venezuela, Northern Brazil) and East/SouthEast during July–September (Peru, Brazil). Conclusion Our results show that biomass burning in the Amazon basin is the predominant source of sulfur and nitrogen compounds that fertilize the mountaineous rain forest in south Ecuador. Recommendation and Outlook The mountaineous rain forest in south Ecuador has developed on poor and acid soils, with low nutrient availability. The additional fertilization resulting from anthropogenic biomass burning constitutes a significant disturbance of this ecosystem, its functioning and biodiversity. Thus it is planned to employ isotope analyses for quantifying the pathways of nitrate and sulfate deposition in these natural forests.     

Pesticides in rain

40 rainwater samples were collected in Hannover and near Peine (Lower Saxony, Germany) in 1992 using a wet-only collector. The samples were extracted by solid phase extraction and analyzed by GC/MS for 59 pesticides. 11 pesticides were found in more than 10 samples. The highest concentrations were observed for terbuthylazine (0.003 – 0.52 μg/L ), metolachlor (0.003 – 0.51 pg/L, mean: 0.10 μg/L), metalaxyl (0.006 – 0.48 μg/L, mean: 0.10 pg/L) and chlorothalonil (0.003 – 1.1 μg/L, mean: 0.16 μg/L). The concentrations show a seasonal dependence reflecting the application periods.     

雨水花园运行寿命分析与价值估算

雨水花园作为典型的低影响(LID)开发设施之一,在径流量削减和污染物净化方面起着重要作用.为探索雨水花园运行寿命和估算其功能价值,于2011年3月—2017年10月对西安理工大学校内3个雨水花园进行了16～40场不等的降雨监测.结果表明,雨水花园的径流量削减率和污染负荷削减率呈先增大后减小的趋势.结合污染负荷削减,提出了雨水花园"三阶段净化"概念—即净化增长期、净化稳定期和净化衰弱期,简称TSP概念,并绘制了P-F概念图.排水型和入渗型雨水花园各功能价值排序为:涵养水资源水质净化维持生物多样性调节气候提供美学景观;入渗型雨水花园综合价值和单位面积价值分别是排水雨水花园的4.16倍和4.84倍.     

结合虚拟迭代技术的整车级道路模拟试验方法

目的 提出一种基于试验场实采道路载荷谱,通过虚拟迭代技术修正台架试验动力学模型,从而实现多系统的“整车级”道路模拟试验的方法。方法 围绕台架关联试验场坏路,基于累积损伤模型、四点雨流计数法和模态分析展开研究,通过道路载荷谱的采集,预处理、压缩,在台架上复现零部件于整车上的运动姿态、失效形式与模态振型。最终完成以整车道路载荷谱为期望信号的台架迭代,以虚拟迭代为指导的模型修正,建立车辆道路时序信号与试验台架加载谱的相关性转化映射关系,执行基于液压伺服七轴试验台的多轴耐久试验,并实现以计算机模态分析、疲劳分析为指导的联合验证。结果 各零部件的试验结果为合格,与试验场一致。实现了多系统的同时验证,准确复现待测系统的运动姿态、失效形式及模态信号。结论 该试验方法建立起了整车级道路模拟试验标准,即通过虚拟迭代试验技术调整台架试验的动力学模型,为多系统道路模拟试验迭代不收敛的情况提出了解决方案。     

热声复合环境下薄壁锥壳结构响应计算与疲劳寿命预估

目的研究热声复合环境下薄壁锥壳结构的动力学响应与疲劳寿命。方法采用耦合的有限元/边界元法,完成不同热声载荷下的振动应力计算。基于改进的雨流计数法,对不同热声载荷下危险点位置及典型位置的疲劳寿命进行预估。结果屈曲前随温度的增加,薄壁锥壳结构的基频降低,屈曲后在一定温度范围内时,基频增加。薄壁锥壳结构的应力集中主要出现在孔边位置,基频在热声激励响应中起主导作用。低阶固有频率处存在较大峰值,高阶频带范围内的峰值较小,模态密度较高。结论在800～1000℃的温度载荷与强声载荷下,薄壁锥壳结构的疲劳寿命只能维持几个小时,所以在抗声疲劳结构设计中要考虑响应谱的频率结构,及注重结构孔边位置的结构设计。     

永定县酸雨污染现状及防治对策

对永定县酸雨污染现状进行了分析，并提出了防治对策。     

Estimation of Critical Loads of Acidity for Lakes in Northeastern United States and Eastern Canada

The New England Governors and Eastern Canadian Premiers (NEG/ECP) adopted the Acid Rain Action Plan in June 1998, and issued a series of action items to support its work toward a reduction of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions in northeastern North America. One of these action items was the preparation of an updated critical load map using data from lakes in the NEG/ECP area. Critical load maps provide a more complete index of the surface water sensitivity to acidification. Combined sulfur and nitrogen critical loads and deposition exceedances were computed using Henriksen's Steady-State Water Chemistry (SSWC) model. Results show that 28% of all 2053 lakes studied have a critical load of 20 kg/ha/year or less, making them vulnerable to acid deposition. Emission reductions, and more specifically SO₂ emission reductions have proven beneficial because critical loads were exceeded in 2002 for 12.3% of all studied lakes. Those lakes are located in the more sensitive areas where geology is carbonate-poor. Of these lakes, 2.9% will never recover even with a complete removal of SO₄ deposition. Recovery from acidification for the remaining 9.4% of the lakes will require additional emission SO₂ reductions.     

无锡市酸沉降时空分布规律和特征

在大量监测数据的基础上，分析了无锡市降水酸化的现状及发展趋势，并对酸沉降的分布情况及相互关系等特征进行了探讨。     

Fluoride Deposition in Central India

Fluoride is a volatile element emitted from natural and anthropogenic sources into the atmoshere and scavenged from the atmosphere by rain water. We collected 444 rain water and 36 dust samples on an event basis at 13 sites and on the bulk basis (monthly) at 3 sites, respectively, in central India (extending over 17°N to 24°N latitude and 80° 17 to 84°11E longitude). The level of F- in the atmospheric samples was determined by automating the conventional Zr(IV)-SPADNS [Sodium 2- (parasulfophenylazo)-1, 8-dihydroxy-3, 6-naphthalene disulfonate] method in the presence of surfactant, i.e. TX–100 [Triton x- 100]. The detection limit of the method is 10.0 ppb F- with a sample throughput of 70 samples/h. The F- deposited with rain water (in 13 sites) and with dust (three sites) were ranged between 54.8 to 483.0, and 105.0 to 503.3 kg/km2/year, respectively. The level of F- in atmospheric samples, seasonal and spatial variation in deposition and sources of F- are discussed.