南方土壤酸沉降敏感性研究Ⅶ——盐基淋溶与缓冲机理

研究了模拟酸雨对我国南方主要土壤类型盐基离子淋溶的影响,结果表明,ＰＨ低于３．０或３．５时,盐基离子淋溶总量明显增加,但ＰＨ高于３．５时,则影响不明显。     

Monitoring Studies of Precipitation and Cap Cloud Chemistry at Holme Moss in the Southern Pennines

Weekly collections of samples of precipitation and hill cloudwater have been made at Holme Moss (530 m.a.s.l.) in the southernPennines covering a six-year period (1994–1999). In addition continuous meteorological measurements have been conducted at thesite for a five year period (1995–1999). The concentrations of major ions in the samples have been determined by ion chromatography. Analysis of ion concentrations as a function ofwind direction reveals that the ions with anthropogenic sources (SO₄ ^–, NO₃ ^–, NH₄ ⁺, H⁺) exhibit higher concentrations during easterly wind directions whilst the ions with predominantly marine origins (Na⁺, Cl^–, Ca⁺⁺, Mg⁺⁺, K⁺) have concentrations thatare not significantly dependant on wind direction. Precipitation and cloud deposition are strongly correlated to south-westerly wind directions with a secondary peak occurring for north-easterly directions. Fifty nine per cent of ion deposition by rain was found to occur during wind from the SSW to W sector.The average concentrations of ions in cloud water were found tobe much higher than those in rain (by factors of between 2.5 and4.2). It is thought that the high precipitation and annual deposition of ions by precipitation at Holme Moss is due in partto the enrichment of ion concentrations in precipitation by thescavenging of more concentrated cap cloud droplets (the `seeder-feeder effect'). Comparison with data from a nearby lower level site shows encouraging agreement with the scheme currently used in the U.K. deposition mapping procedure to incorporate the influence of orography on deposition by precipitation.     

湖南省酸雨现状与成因分析

湖南省是地处中南的酸雨污染严重区域。本文依据湖南省1993—1999年监测酸雨的数据资料,对湖南省酸雨的现状特征作了简要的阐述,对湖南省酸雨的成因进行了较为系统的分析,并对酸雨的发展趋势进行了预测,初步提出了一些酸雨防治对策。     

ENSO事件对汉江上游暴雨洪水影响的研究

对汉江上游1951～2010年降水量、洪水与ENSO事件进行χ2检验和对照分析。结果表明:在El Nino事件年,汉江上游年降水量显著减少;与非La Nina年相比,La Nina年降水量略有增多,但没有达到显著变化水平;汉江上游洪水与ENSO事件关系密切：在上一年年底或本年年初有较强El Nino,且当年为El Nino向La Nina转换的年份,发生洪水的概率最大,相关性超过极显著水平,且洪峰大,成灾重,可能会发生最大流量20 000 m3/s以上的大洪水甚至超过30 000 m3/s(安康站)的特大洪水;在非El Nino也非La Nina事件发生的年份,大洪水的发生概率较低;发生El Nino事件或La Nina事件的当年,发生大洪水的频次也不高,相对于El Nino事件年,La Nina事件年,尤其是连续发生La Nina事件的年份,发生洪水的概率略大。这些结果对于指导汉江上游农业生产、水资源开发和防洪减灾具有重要的意义     

模拟酸雨对非金属建筑材料影响的研究──混凝土等材料的外观、质量、体积的变化及溶解速率

用周期浸泡加速试验方法研究ｐＨ为５．６、３．５和１．０时浓度为０．０、０．０６、０．１、０．２ｍｏｌ／Ｌ大种模拟酸雨对混凝土、砂浆和灰砂砖的影响。观察材料的外观、质量和体积的变化，并根据模拟酸雨侵蚀材料前后的酸度和化学组分的变化，得到酸雨溶解材料的速率和材料中各组分的溶出速率。     

PREDICTING BASEFLOW ALKALINITY AS AN INDEX TO EPISODIC STREAM ACIDIFICATION AND FISH PRESENCE1

ABSTRACT: Regression models to predict baseflow alkalinity from basin hydrogeology were developed and verified for headwater streams on the Laurel Hill anticline in southwestern Pennsylvania. Predicted baseflow alkalinities were then used to estimate sensitivity to acidification and presence of trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) populations for 61 headwater streams. Sensitivity classifications were verified by surveying trout populations. Geologic variables relating to the carbonate rock burial depth, extent of carbonate rock recharge areas, and length of stream channel flowing through effluent carbonate rock outcrops were much more useful in predicting baseflow alkalinity than areal extent of carbonate rocks. Baseflow alkalinity was not well related to status of trout populations on these anticlinal basins, especially on noneffluent basins where bedrock dip exceeded surface slope.     

永定县酸雨污染现状及防治对策

对永定县酸雨污染现状进行了分析，并提出了防治对策。     

Estimation of Critical Loads of Acidity for Lakes in Northeastern United States and Eastern Canada

The New England Governors and Eastern Canadian Premiers (NEG/ECP) adopted the Acid Rain Action Plan in June 1998, and issued a series of action items to support its work toward a reduction of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions in northeastern North America. One of these action items was the preparation of an updated critical load map using data from lakes in the NEG/ECP area. Critical load maps provide a more complete index of the surface water sensitivity to acidification. Combined sulfur and nitrogen critical loads and deposition exceedances were computed using Henriksen's Steady-State Water Chemistry (SSWC) model. Results show that 28% of all 2053 lakes studied have a critical load of 20 kg/ha/year or less, making them vulnerable to acid deposition. Emission reductions, and more specifically SO₂ emission reductions have proven beneficial because critical loads were exceeded in 2002 for 12.3% of all studied lakes. Those lakes are located in the more sensitive areas where geology is carbonate-poor. Of these lakes, 2.9% will never recover even with a complete removal of SO₄ deposition. Recovery from acidification for the remaining 9.4% of the lakes will require additional emission SO₂ reductions.     

雨水花园运行寿命分析与价值估算

雨水花园作为典型的低影响(LID)开发设施之一,在径流量削减和污染物净化方面起着重要作用.为探索雨水花园运行寿命和估算其功能价值,于2011年3月—2017年10月对西安理工大学校内3个雨水花园进行了16～40场不等的降雨监测.结果表明,雨水花园的径流量削减率和污染负荷削减率呈先增大后减小的趋势.结合污染负荷削减,提出了雨水花园"三阶段净化"概念—即净化增长期、净化稳定期和净化衰弱期,简称TSP概念,并绘制了P-F概念图.排水型和入渗型雨水花园各功能价值排序为:涵养水资源水质净化维持生物多样性调节气候提供美学景观;入渗型雨水花园综合价值和单位面积价值分别是排水雨水花园的4.16倍和4.84倍.     

热声复合环境下薄壁锥壳结构响应计算与疲劳寿命预估

目的研究热声复合环境下薄壁锥壳结构的动力学响应与疲劳寿命。方法采用耦合的有限元/边界元法,完成不同热声载荷下的振动应力计算。基于改进的雨流计数法,对不同热声载荷下危险点位置及典型位置的疲劳寿命进行预估。结果屈曲前随温度的增加,薄壁锥壳结构的基频降低,屈曲后在一定温度范围内时,基频增加。薄壁锥壳结构的应力集中主要出现在孔边位置,基频在热声激励响应中起主导作用。低阶固有频率处存在较大峰值,高阶频带范围内的峰值较小,模态密度较高。结论在800～1000℃的温度载荷与强声载荷下,薄壁锥壳结构的疲劳寿命只能维持几个小时,所以在抗声疲劳结构设计中要考虑响应谱的频率结构,及注重结构孔边位置的结构设计。