SUMMER FLOODING AT CHICAGO AND POSSIBLE RELATIONSHIPS TO URBAN-INCREASED HEAVY RAINFALL1

ABSTRACT: : Studies of two measures of flooding in the Chicago metropolitan area reveal a wide range of floods with the magnitude related to recurrence interval expressions of rain intensity. Minor type floods (in basements and underpasses) usually result from localized heavy rains (≤ 3-hour duration) with return intervals of 1 to 2 years, and more major floods result from rains with return intervals of 2 to 5 years (or more). Urban-factors help lead to increases in warm season rain events in Chicago with 1- to 4-year return intervals. These apparently help lead to 10 to 100 percent more flooding events in Chicago than expected. The range of increase varies depending on locale and type of flood, but the increases in storms should be accounted for in drainage designs.     

DETERMINISTIC-SYSTEMIC RELATIONSHIPS IN OVERLAND FLOW ANALYSIS1

ABSTRACT: An analysis of storm runoff is presented, giving primary attention to deterministic-systemic relationships. So that system aspects can be emphasized, other aspects are kept simple; analysis is made for uniform rainfall on a strip of uniform width, limiting direct applicability to small areas. Two relationships between excess rain and time of concentration, one based on hydraulic parameters, the other on hydrologic characteristics, are combined in a solution for peak discharge. The hydraulic expression gives the interrelationship of time of concentration, excess rain, friction, length, and slope. The hydrologic relationship is achieved by converting ordinary intensity-duration curves to corresponding excess rain intensity-duration curves, thereby interrelating excess rain, time of concentration, and loss characteristics. The resulting solution for peak discharge allows for systemic feedback among both hydraulic and hydrologic parameters.     

The Relationship Between Road Accident Severity and Recorded Weather

Road accident severity may be influenced by a number of factors. This article investigates the relationship between weather and road accidents in England and Wales. The weather information recorded on Police Accident Report Forms was taken as the prevailing weather at the time of the accident. At the local authority level, accident severity for the various adverse weather categories of rain, fog, and high winds is compared with the nonhazardous condition of fine weather. Severity ratios are then calculated. Findings establish that accident severity decreases significantly in rain compared with fine weather, while severity in fog shows geographical variation. Evidence for accident severity in high winds remains inconclusive.     

无锡市酸沉降时空分布规律和特征

在大量监测数据的基础上，分析了无锡市降水酸化的现状及发展趋势，并对酸沉降的分布情况及相互关系等特征进行了探讨。     

Fluoride Deposition in Central India

Fluoride is a volatile element emitted from natural and anthropogenic sources into the atmoshere and scavenged from the atmosphere by rain water. We collected 444 rain water and 36 dust samples on an event basis at 13 sites and on the bulk basis (monthly) at 3 sites, respectively, in central India (extending over 17°N to 24°N latitude and 80° 17 to 84°11E longitude). The level of F- in the atmospheric samples was determined by automating the conventional Zr(IV)-SPADNS [Sodium 2- (parasulfophenylazo)-1, 8-dihydroxy-3, 6-naphthalene disulfonate] method in the presence of surfactant, i.e. TX–100 [Triton x- 100]. The detection limit of the method is 10.0 ppb F- with a sample throughput of 70 samples/h. The F- deposited with rain water (in 13 sites) and with dust (three sites) were ranged between 54.8 to 483.0, and 105.0 to 503.3 kg/km2/year, respectively. The level of F- in atmospheric samples, seasonal and spatial variation in deposition and sources of F- are discussed.     

酸雨对全生育时期水稻叶绿素荧光的影响

酸雨是全球关注的重大环境污染问题之一,中国亦继西欧和北美之后,成为当今世界第三大酸雨区。光合作用是植物生物量和作物经济产量形成的生理基础,叶绿素荧光常用来判断逆境胁迫对植物光合作用造成的伤害。有研究表明,酸雨会对植物叶绿素荧光造成影响,然不同生长阶段植物对逆境的抵抗能力亦存在差异,采用模拟酸雨（酸雨 pH 值梯度为4.5、3.5、2.5）或模拟天然降水持续胁迫（每隔3天喷施1次）水稻（Oryza sativa）（从幼苗期至灌浆期）,利用原位无损伤叶绿素荧光测定技术（德国Walz公司PAM-210脉冲调制式荧光仪）分别探测和分析幼苗期、分蘖期、孕穗期和灌浆期水稻叶片（处理组和对照组）,研究酸雨对全生育期水稻叶绿素荧光的影响,相关研究未见报道。结果表明,与CK相比,pH 4.5酸雨使幼苗期和孕穗期初始荧光（Fo）显著提高了7.69%、8.84%,使幼苗期、分蘖期和孕穗期非光化学猝灭参数（qN）显著提高了8.64%、4.86%、6.09%,使幼苗期和孕穗期最大光化学量子产量（Fv/Fm）,PSII电子传递速率（ETR）,实际原初光能捕获效率（ΦPSII）,光化学猝灭参数（qP）显著降低,幼苗期、孕穗期降幅依次为Fv/Fm（3.01%、6.88%）、ETR（8.40%、10.24%）、ΦPSII（8.39%、12.23%）、qP（3.79%、12.55%）;pH 3.5、pH 2.5酸雨不同程度地显著降低了各生育时期Fv/Fm、ETR、ΦPSII、qP,幼苗期和孕穗期qN,显著提高了各生育时期Fo,且随酸雨pH值降低,变化幅度增大。同时,pH 4.5或pH 3.5酸雨持续胁迫下,水稻受到伤害大小规律为灌浆期＆lt;幼苗期＆lt;分蘖期＆lt;孕穗期;pH 2.5酸雨持续胁迫下,水稻受到伤害大小规律为分蘖期＜幼苗期＜灌浆期＜孕穗期。总之,酸雨胁迫强度与水稻叶绿素荧光参数存在剂量-效应关系,酸雨持续胁迫会对不同生育时期水稻光合作用造成影响,并且不同生育时期水稻光合作用对酸雨胁迫敏感性存在差异,这些是评价酸雨胁迫对植物影响时需考虑因素。     

奎屯市大气降水现状分析及评价

为了解奎屯市大气降水状况及主要污染物,奎屯市监测站于2002年对大气降水进行了为期一年的酸雨监测。本文根据监测结果,介绍了奎屯市酸雨现状,对其成因进行了分析,并提出防治酸雨污染的可行性建议。     

四川盆地极端暴雨水汽输送特征分析

论文利用1961—2015年四川盆地104个国家气象站资料和同期NCEP资料,筛选四川盆地极端暴雨过程并进行分型,引入拉格朗日混合单粒子轨道模型（HYSPLIT 4）,定量分析了不同类型极端暴雨过程850 hPa和700 hPa上的水汽输送特征。结果表明：1）四川盆地全盆移动型和盆西型极端暴雨不同层次上的水汽输送轨迹有所不同。850 hPa上全盆移动型水汽输送轨迹主要有4条,而盆西型主要有5条;700 hPa上全盆移动型和盆西型水汽轨迹都主要有3条。2）不同后向追踪时间,两类极端暴雨过程850 hPa的水汽来源大值区有所不同。后向追踪1 d,两类极端暴雨过程的水汽来源大值区都出现在西南地区东部;后向追踪3 d,全盆移动型的水汽大值区出现在两广交界处以及北部湾附近,而盆西型的水汽大值区出现在湖北西部至两广交界处以及印度半岛北部;后向追踪9 d,两类极端暴雨过程相同的水汽来源大值区为斯里兰卡岛附近的印度洋洋面,此外,全盆移动型的另一个大值区为菲律宾岛附近的太平洋洋面,盆西型的另一个大值区为中南半岛东部沿海。3）追踪到不同类型极端暴雨过程不同层次上的水汽源地,并定量分析了不同水汽源地的贡献率。850 hPa上全盆移动型主要水汽源地有3个：阿拉伯海-孟加拉湾地区、西太平洋、东亚大陆及临海。盆西型主要水汽源地也有3个：南海、孟加拉湾、中国东部及沿海;700 hPa上全盆移动型水汽源地有3个：阿拉伯海、孟加拉湾-南海、东海。盆西型主要水汽源地有2个：孟加拉湾和南海。     

Concentration of some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in rain,soil and ground water around Ismailia,Egypt

Residues of acenaphthylene, fluorene, anthracene, pyrene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene and benzo(k)fluoranthene were monitored in rain, soil and groundwater around Ismailia, in northeast Egypt. Residues detected in rain water in 1995 and 1996 were mainly of relatively low molecular weight. Both acenaphthylene and fluorene were detected in rain for the two consecutive years. Top soil has shown a wider spectrum and higher concentrations of (PAHs) than those detected in deep soil, rain and ground water. Only three compounds, acenaphthylene, fluorene and anthracene were detected in samples collected at 50 cm depth. While no traces of PAHs were detected at 1 m depth detectable concentrations of fluorene and anthracene were monitored in groundwater.     

单元包封密闭式填埋工艺在阿苏卫垃圾卫生填埋场的探索实践

针对传统垃圾填埋工艺存在分区作业时间长、填埋气引发臭气污染等问题,结合阿苏卫垃圾卫生填埋场实际情况,采用单元包封密闭式填埋工艺,利用旱季垃圾堤坝进行分区填埋操作、渗滤液导排盲沟作为填埋单元分隔、构建填埋气及渗滤液收集系统等技术措施,有效地实现了雨污分流. 实施单元包封密闭式填埋工艺后,2010年填埋场渗滤液产生总量减少了约76 000 t,比前4 a平均产生量减少了35%;填埋气收集量增加了12×106 m3,收集总量比前4 a平均值增加了139%;臭气排放指标达到GB 14554—1993《恶臭污染物排放标准》二级排放标准. 该工艺的实施可以使填埋场运行管理更加规范.