Rain Water Harvesting in Bermuda1

Rowe, Mark P., 2011. Rain Water Harvesting in Bermuda. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(6):1219–1227. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00563.x Abstract: Roof‐top rain water harvesting is mandated by law for all buildings in Bermuda and is the primary source of water for domestic supply. The average rate at which rain water is harvested at the typical house with four occupants is, however, insufficient to meet average demand. While just over one‐third of households have access to supplementary water either from mains pipelines or private wells, the majority rely on deliveries from water “truckers” (tankers) to augment their rain water supply. Assuming a reasonably constant daily demand, there is a linear relationship between the “maximum optimum capacity” of a water storage tank and the size of the rain water catchment area, which depends on the characteristics of the rainfall at a given geographic location. A simple spreadsheet model was developed to simulate tank storage levels for various combinations of catchment area, tank capacity, and demand, with an input of actual daily rainfall data for a study period of nearly three years. It was found that for typical cycles of rainfall surpluses and deficits in Bermuda, the tank capacity which there is no benefit in exceeding — the “optimum maximum capacity”— is 0.37 m³ of storage capacity per 1 m² of catchment area. Furthermore, it was concluded that many domestic water storage tanks in Bermuda are larger than necessary, especially so where there is a significant imbalance between rain water supply and demand.     

博乐市降水酸度特征初探

根据博乐市2005—2010年降水数据,对酸雨发生的原因进行了分析。分析结果表明：博乐市地形适合水汽输入,存在远距离污染物跨境传输和产生连续大降雨的条件,使其境内产生酸雨的可能性加大;酸雨发生在冬季采暖期,且NO3^-浓度比未发生酸雨时略高;另外,博乐市属北方干旱区城市,土壤偏碱性,降水总体为偏弱碱性特点不变。除以上主...     

模拟酸雨对水稻叶片质膜H+-ATPase活性与胞内Ca2+浓度的影响

在水培条件下研究了模拟酸雨(pH=2.5～5.5)对水稻叶片胞内Ca2+浓度和质膜H+-ATPase活性的影响.结果表明:与对照组(CK)相比,酸雨处理5 d(胁迫期)后,pH=5.5和5.0处理组的水稻叶片胞内H+浓度、质膜H+-ATPase活性、胞内Ca2+浓度、质膜Ca2+-ATPase活性无显著变化;pH=4.0和3.5处理组各指标显著升高,且H+-ATPase活性随Ca2+浓度升高而上升;pH=3.0和2.5处理组各指标显著降低,此时胞内Ca2+缺失,对H+-ATPase活性的调节作用受到限制.经正常条件培养5 d(恢复期)后,pH=4.0和3.5处理组各指标均恢复至CK的处理水平,表明H+-ATPase活性受到Ca2+调控已恢复到正常;pH=3.0和2.5处理组的Ca2+浓度高于CK及胁迫期,H+-ATPase活性低于CK但高于胁迫期,表明H+-ATPase活性受Ca2+调控得到部分恢复.因此,酸雨胁迫下胞内Ca2+对质膜H+-ATPase活性有一定调节作用,且受酸雨强度的制约.     

2012年丰都县酸雨特征及其相关分析

根据2012年丰都县降水监测资料,对该地区的酸雨状况进行研究。结果表明,丰都县酸雨污染状况较重,各月的酸雨频率均在90％以上,降雨酸性的季节变化明显,冬季较夏季高。降雨成分中以SO2-4为主要阴离子,仍为硫酸型酸雨。相关矩阵分析表明,SO^2-4、NO3^-、F^-相关性较好。     

工业污染源对大连地区酸雨形成的影响研究

为了研究局地污染源对大连地区酸雨形成的影响,在市区及县级市布设监测点对酸雨进行监测,并获取酸雨点位附近局地污染源的酸性污染物排放量,应用地理信息系统的空间叠加分析功能,分析局地源对大连地区酸雨点位分布和频率变化的影响.结果表明：部分距离大污染源较近的点位受局地源影响较明显,但市区酸雨频率高低与局地源二氧化硫排放量变化趋势并不完全一致,说明大连地区酸雨的形成除了受本地源的影响外,还应存在其它更复杂的影响因素.     

南京北郊大气降水中水溶性无机氮和有机氮沉降特征

基于2019～2020年在南京北郊收集的大气降水进行降水pH、电导率和化学组分分析,研究南京北郊大气降水pH值和电导率的季节变化规律,分析了降水中水溶性无机氮（WSIN）和水溶性有机氮（WSON）的污染水平和沉降特征.结果表明,观测期间南京北郊大气降水发生酸雨（pH<5.6）的频率达到37.18%,降水酸化在秋冬季节较严重,pH值随季节表现出春季>夏季>秋季>冬季的变化趋势.降水电导率平均值为29.49μS·cm^-1,春季出现高pH和电导率与该季节大气中含量较高的扬尘有关.降水中WSIN和WSON的季节差异较大,最高和最低NO^-₃-N和NH⁺₄-N浓度分别出现在春季和夏季;WSON浓度则表现为秋季(2.63 mg·L^-1)最高.降水中WSON与水溶性总氮（WSTN）浓度平均比值约为0.47,说明WSON对总氮研究具有重要意义.WSIN和WSON湿沉降通量的平均值分别为12.10 kg·（hm²·a）^-...     

Chemical characteristics of precipitation and wet deposition of major ions in Liaozhong County of Liaoning Province,Northeast China

The chemical characteristics of precipitation were analyzed based on the chemical composition of principal ionic within acid rain（from February 2007 to January 2008）of Liaozhong Meteorological Station located in Malong Village in Liaozhong County of Northeast China,meteorological conditions on the corresponding period ground,and variation of several air pollutants concentration.The results indicated that:（1）The precipitation average pH value of all samples was4.76;the frequency of acid rain during the observation period was 70.7%;the frequency was 82.8%in summer and autumn.（2）In the chemical composition of precipitation,the primary anions were SO₄^2-and NO₃^-;the primary cations were NH₄⁺and Ca²⁺.（3）All concentration of anions was higher in summer and winter,but relatively low in spring and autumn.This showed that the relationship between regional rainfall acidification and pollution was not significant.（4）Rainwater acidity and nearly floor gaseous pollution concentration were different from each other,and pH and NO_x,CO,NO₂ and O₃concentrations showed significant negative correlation,but was not obvious with SO₂ concentration.However,the pH and alkaline pollutants,such as particulate,was positively correlative.     

惯性器件加速试验环境谱编制与数据处理方法研究

目的研究模拟惯性器件贮存环境温度变化的加速环境谱与加速试验方法。方法监测样品贮存环境温度应力变化的同时,检测样品性能的变化,通过雨流计数法将温度变化曲线转化为温度环境谱后再转换为加速环境谱,依照加速环境谱开展试验,通过试验结果与自然贮存样品性能比对,开展试验样品性能评价。结果以2012年某试验库房的温度数据为例,通过转换得到了模拟惯性器件贮存环境的环境谱和加速环境谱,并得到了用于指导惯性器件加速试验的方法。结论将雨流计数法用于处理惯性器件经历的温度曲线,转化得到的加速试验方法,可以较好地模拟惯性器件贮存实际经历的温度变化过程,指导对惯性器件的性能变化趋势进行预测和评价。     

雨水中碳丰度季节性特征及对酸雨形成的贡献

针对广州市连续1 a内降雨展开碳丰度的研究,通过对雨水中总有机碳(TOC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)、颗粒物有机碳(POC)和颗粒物元素碳(PEC)的测定,进一步探讨雨水中碳丰度的季节性特征及其对酸雨形成的贡献作用.结果表明,TOC年均含量7.10 mg/L,DOC年均含量3.58 mg/L,POC年均含量3.60 mg/L,PEC年均含量O.72 mg/L,证明广州市污染物排放对降雨影响较严重.雨水中碳丰度具有一定季节性特征,TOC和DOC含量春季最高,夏季较低,表明广州市春季的总污染物排放量相对大于其它季节;POC对TOC的贡献率夏季要明显高于其它季节,说明固体颗粒物的排放量在夏季达到最高;干季POC相对含量要明显高于湿季,表明由机动车尾气排放导致的有机污染物排放量在秋冬季节要明显高于其它季节.TOC、DOC含量与pH值具有一定负相关性.这些特征从碳丰度角度证明机动车尾气等有机污染物排放对酸雨形成有一定的贡献作用.     

3类抗性种子萌发过程中糖代谢对酸雨胁迫的响应

为揭示酸雨影响种子萌发机理,以pH 2.0、2.5、3.0、3.5、4.0、4.5、5.0的模拟酸雨处理水稻(O.sativa)、小麦(T.aestivum)、油菜(B.chinensis var.oleifera)3种不同抗性种子,研究种子萌发糖代谢对酸雨胁迫的响应.结果表明,水稻、小麦和油菜α-淀粉酶活性、可溶性糖和还原糖含量随胁迫强度增加(pH 5.0～2.0)而降低,均低于对照.3个指标响应酸雨胁迫强度的规律(伤害阈值/变幅)是:水稻(pH 3.5～4.0/53.88%～77.7%)＜小麦(pH 3.5～4.5/58.60%～89.41%)＜油菜(pH 4.0～5.0/60.14%～100%).胁迫强度一定时,水稻α-淀粉酶活性、可溶性糖和还原糖含量随时间延长而上升,小麦和油菜3个指标先升后降.胁迫时间一定时(3～7 d),3种种子处理组的旺α-淀粉酶活性、可溶性糖和还原糖含量均低于对照,且随胁迫强度增加而降低.3个指标达到最大伤害的胁迫时间为水稻(7 d;7 d,7 d)＞小麦(7 d,6 d,5 d)＞油菜(3 d,7 d,5 d).3个指标对酸雨胁迫强度与胁迫时间的响应规律显示,水稻糖代谢抗酸雨能力＞小麦＞油菜,这是酸雨胁迫下3类种子萌发指标趋异的又一内在原因.