沼液回流对秸秆与污泥混合中温厌氧消化的影响

为了提高秸秆与市政污泥混合厌氧消化的消化产率,以秸秆污泥混合物作为底物,在批次实验中研究不同沼液回流对中温（35 ℃）混合厌氧消化过程的影响。实验采用0% 、20%、30%、40%、50%和60%等6种不同的沼液回流量,分析不同沼液回流量下产气量、甲烷含量、发酵过程氨氮含量、sCOD、总挥发酸（VFAs）的变化情况。结果表明：50%的沼液回流产气量和甲烷产量均最大,分别是1 645 mL和797.5 mL,TS和VS去除率达到17.5%和47.8%,单位VS甲烷产量为613.45 mL·g-1,较未加沼液的发酵瓶提高了37.7%,且无VFAs积累。过高的沼液回流量提升了厌氧反应的氨氮浓度,对厌氧产气过程产生了抑制。50%沼液回流量可以作为秸秆污泥混合厌氧消化最佳回流量。     

垃圾填埋场水分迁移模型的应用研究

以渗滤液回灌为核心的填埋场生化反应器是当今国际固体废物研究的新方向 ,其具有减少渗滤液处理难度和加速填埋场稳定化的作用 ,其中控制填埋场水分是关键。本文通过对填埋场水分运移特征的分析 ,建立了渗滤液回灌条件下 ,生化反应器填埋场水分迁移的饱和 -非饱和三维非稳定数学模型 ,并求其有限单元数值解 ,定量模拟和预报不同回灌条件下填埋场水分的时空分布规律并进行实用研究。针对重庆市长生桥卫生填埋场设计情况和实际条件 ,运移模拟模型分析了水平沟和竖式井回灌条件下填埋场内水分的分布规律 ,证明了协同回灌方式的有效性     

强化A2/O工艺反硝化除磷性能的运行控制策略

以啤酒废水为研究对象,重点考察了如何强化A2/O工艺反硝化除磷性能,从而提高营养物去除效果、并实现节能的目的.试验中建立了3种运行控制策略:(1)根据缺氧区末端出水硝酸盐的浓度控制内循环回流量;(2)调节厌氧/缺氧/好氧区体积比以减少厌氧区出水剩余COD对缺氧磷吸收的影响;(3)向缺氧区引入旁流并调节旁流比.试验结果表明,当缺氧区末端出水硝酸盐浓度控制在1～3 mg·L-1时,不仅可强化反硝化除磷效果,而且可以节省内循环所需能耗;厌氧/缺氧/好氧区最佳体积比为1/1/2;旁流的引入可以提高低C/N比条件下TN的去除,最优旁流比为0.32.     

An advanced anaerobic biofilter with effluent recirculation for phenol removal and methane production in treatment of coal gasification wastewater

An advanced anaerobic biofilter (AF) was introduced for the treatment of coal gasification wastewater (CGW), and effluent recirculation was adopted to enhance phenol removal and methane production. The results indicated that AF was reliable in treating diluted CGW, while its efficiency and stability were seriously reduced when directly treating raw CGW. However, its performance could be greatly enhanced by effluent recirculation. Under optimal effluent recirculation of 0.5 to the influent, concentrations of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total phenol in the effluent could reach as low as 234.0 and 14.2 mg/L, respectively. Also, the rate of methane production reached 169.0 mL CH₄/L/day. Though CGW seemed to restrain the growth of anaerobic microorganisms, especially methanogens, the inhibition was temporary and reversible, and anaerobic bacteria presented strong tolerance. The activities of methanogens cultivated in CGW could quickly recover on feeding with glucose wastewater (GW). However, the adaptability of anaerobic bacteria to the CGW was very poor and the activity of methanogens could not be improved by long-term domestication. By analysis using the Haldane model, it was further confirmed that high effluent recirculation could result in high activity for hydrolytic bacteria and substrate affinity for toxic matters, but only suitable effluent recirculation could result in high methanogenic activity.     

回流指数在空气质量变化研究中的应用

将回流指数引入珠三角污染气象条件的研究中,尝试使用回流指数判别形成区域大气污染的机理.运用中尺度数值模式WRF得到珠三角精细化的回流指数时空分布,同时与边界层外场观测试验结果进行比对从而验证模式对边界层内风场的模拟效果.最后,分别对干湿季冷高压影响下的污染过程进行分析,湿季选取2013年4月13—16日的珠三角重污染过程,干季选取同年12月8—10日的污染过程.结果表明:在本研究的两次过程中,使用回流指数Rcritical=0.6作为阈值能较好地区分局地污染物回流堆积与上风向污染物输送两种因素在冷高压型污染过程中何者占主导,当区域中回流指数普遍低于0.6则是污染物局地回流堆积作用更明显,若普遍高于0.6则是受上风向污染物的输送影响更明显;在局地回流堆积为主要形成机理的污染过程中,地面污染物浓度与边界层整体回流系数呈反方向变化关系,地面污染物浓度峰值对应边界层回流系数谷值;在污染物输送为主要形成因素的污染过程中,边界层中低层回流系数达到峰值时代表该区域此时受上风向风场输送作用最显著,地面污染物浓度同时达到峰值.     

珠江三角洲区域污染分布及其垂直风场特征

基于2014年4月~2015年3月珠江三角洲(珠三角)56个环境监测子站以及9个城市的逐时PM2.5浓度数据,对珠三角地区的颗粒物污染进行了系统聚类分析和相关性分析.结果表明,珠三角地区PM2.5的区域污染可分为3种类区,一为东莞、广州、佛山以及江门(Ⅰ型);二为中山、珠海、深圳、惠州(Ⅱ型);三为肇庆单独为一类(Ⅲ型).其在一年中所出现的天数分别为47、7和128 d.Ⅰ型污染时,除珠海、深圳和惠州外,其他城市的PM2.5浓度普遍较高;Ⅱ型污染时,整个珠三角地区的PM2.5浓度均要高于50.0μg·m-3;Ⅲ型污染时,PM2.5浓度较高的区域主要集中在肇庆、广州以及佛山地区.同时利用珠三角地区4台主要的风廓线雷达数据研究3种污染类型所对应的垂直风场特征发现:Ⅰ型与Ⅲ型污染状况所对应的风廓线相似,低层受东南风控制,高层为西南风,Ⅲ型的风速大于Ⅰ型风速,而Ⅱ型污染时的风速明显大于其他两种类型,其低层几乎均受偏北风影响,而高层则受偏西风的影响.Ⅱ型污染所对应的边界层中低层的风向变化很小,而其他两类则有一定的变化.同时Ⅱ型的通风量要明显大于其他两种类型,其中Ⅰ型的通风量最小.珠三角受偏北风作用时,整个珠三角的PM2.5浓度较高;当盛行东南风时,Ⅰ、Ⅱ区的PM2.5浓度相对较低,而Ⅲ区的污染相对较重.     

渗滤液反渗透浓缩液回灌出水水质变化规律的研究

为更科学合理地选择回灌填埋体提供一定的理论依据,对3个不同年份垃圾柱的回灌出水进行了水质变化规律的研究.采用成都某垃圾填埋场的渗滤液反渗透浓缩液,对装填了填埋龄为1、5和15 a垃圾的垃圾柱开展了回灌实验,研究了回灌出水中酸碱度、总有机碳、氨氮、硝态氮、重金属的变化规律.结果表明,1 a垃圾柱处于产甲烷化阶段,具有较好的去除硝态氮的能力,硝态氮的降解率达到了88%以上,但出水有机物、氨氮浓度较高,对指标的改变主要通过生物作用;5 a垃圾柱已接近稳定化,但还没有矿化垃圾的典型特征,吸附能力与生物作用均较差,对有机物、盐分、Cr、Ni的削减能力较小;15 a柱具有较好的吸附能力和络合能力,对有机物、盐分、Cr、Ni具有较好的削减能力,初期的去除率分别达到了90%、78%、93%、74%,但随着回灌进行会接近或达到吸附容量,需要控制回灌过程和进度.     

Anoxic gas recirculation system for fouling control in anoxic membrane reactor

Anoxic gas recirculation system was applied to control the membrane fouling in pilot-scale 4-stage anoxic membrane bioreactor(MBR). In the anaerobic-anoxic-anoxic-aerobic flow scheme,hydrophilic polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE) membrane(0.2 μm, 7.2 m2/module) was submerged in the second anoxic zone. During 8 months operation, the average flux of the membrane was 21.3L/(m2·hr). Chemical cleaning of the membrane was conducted only once with sodium hydroxide and sodium hypochlorite. Dissolved oxygen(DO) concentration in the second anoxic zone was maintained with an average of 0.19 ± 0.05 mg/L. Gas chromatography analysis showed that the headspace gas in the second anoxic reactor was mainly consisted of N2(93.0% ± 2.5%), O2(3.8% ± 0.6%), and CO2(3.0% ± 0.5%), where the saturation DO concentration in liquid phase was 1.57 mg/L. Atmospheric O2 content(20.5% ± 0.8%) was significantly reduced in the anoxic gas. The average pH in the reactor was 7.2 ± 0.4. As a result, the recirculation of the anoxic gas was successfully applied to control the membrane fouling in the anoxic MBR.     

渗滤液回灌在实际应用中应注意的问题

本文介绍了垃圾填埋场渗滤液回灌的机理、优缺点,“干填埋”与“湿填埋”之间的区别。渗滤液回灌可增加填埋废物的含水率,加快垃圾的降解速率,减少渗滤液的处理时间,提高填埋气中甲烷的含量,加速填埋场稳定化进程。鉴于以上这些优点,渗滤液回灌作为一种渗滤液处理方式将会有极大的应用前景。但在实际应用中回灌的渗滤液容易泄漏而导致地下水污染,这是影响渗滤液回灌广泛应用的主要原因。为了避免使地下水受污染,本文总结和分析了渗滤液回灌在实际应用中应注意的问题。     

Comparison between controlled landfill reactor and conditioned landfill bioreactor

Bioreactor landfills allow a more active landfill management that recognizes the biological, chemical and physical processes involved in a landfill environment. The laboratory-scale simulators of landfill reactors treating municipal solid wastes were studied, the effect of solid waste size, leachate recirculation, nutrient balance, pH value, moisture content and temperature on the rate of municipal solid waste (MSW) biodegradation were determined, and it indicated the optimum pH value, moisture content and temperature decomposing MSW. The results of waste biodegradation were compared with that of the leachate-recirculated landfill simulator and conservative sanitary landfill simulator. In the control experiment the antitheses of a decreasing trend of the organic load, measured as biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand, was shown. An obvious enhancement of effective disposal from conservative sanitary landfill (CSL) simulator, to the leachate-recirculated landfill (LRL) simulator and to the conditioned bioreactor landfill(CBL) simulator would be noted, through displaying the compared results of solid waste settlement, heavy, metal concentration in leachate, methane production rate, biogas composition, BOD and COD as well as their ratio.