北京潜在蒸散发量年内-年际的气候变化特征及成因辨识

论文基于北京站1951—2009 年的气象资料,采用Penman-Monteith 公式估算潜在蒸散发,并对其年际年内的变化特征进行辨析。结果表明:北京1951—2009 年年均潜在蒸散发量呈显著上升趋势;气象要素的敏感性从强到弱依次为:空气相对湿度、温度、太阳辐射和风速;论文提出实测变幅均值法,基于此方法考虑气象要素年内变化特征,估算温度、饱和差、风速和太阳辐射的贡献率分别为13%、58%、17%和11%;对气象因子的年际变化趋势进行分析,平均气温在0.05 显著水平下增加趋势显著,太阳辐射和空气相对湿度在0.05 显著水平下减少趋势显著,风速变化趋势没有通过显著性检验;综合考虑年际变化和敏感性的去趋势分析显示:温度增加和空气相对湿度减少是造成潜在蒸散发增加的主要原因,太阳辐射的减少使得其增加趋势有所减弱,但未改变其增加趋势。     

厨余垃圾不同处理模式碳减排潜力分析

通过IPCC的质量平衡方法对填埋、好氧堆肥、厌氧发酵产沼发电、“压榨预处理+干组分焚烧+湿组分厌氧发酵”等不同厨余垃圾处理组合模式进行了碳减排潜力分析.研究发现,“压榨预处理+干组分焚烧+湿组分厌氧发酵”组合模式碳减排潜力最大,相对于填埋处理, CO2减排量为947.6kgCO2/t.以深圳市为例,如果2011年厨余垃圾全部进行“压榨预处理+干组分焚烧+湿组分厌氧发酵”,全年可实现上网发电4.5亿kW·h,同时减少CO2排放量201.4万t.     

Chemical speciation and potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in volcanic rocks of Southern Qinghai,China

ABSTRACT

Seven volcanic rocks samples were collected from Southern Qinghai to analyze chemical speciation and migration behavior of heavy metals by sequential chemical extraction procedure and column leaching test. The geo-accumulation index, ecological risk index and the risk assessment code were applied to assess the heavy metal pollution and potential environmental effects in this area. Results revealed that the total concentrations of heavy metals did not exceed the background values in soil of this area. Most of the samples produced acid rock drainage. The order of heavy metal migration and transformation sequence in the volcanic rocks of Zhiduo region was Cd?>?Pb?>?As?=?Cu?=?Zn?=?Mn based on the geo-accumulation index and Cd caused heavy pollution, which was also confirmed by the leaching test. Moderate potential ecological risk posed by heavy metals occurred in the study area based on the potential ecological risk index. Cd contributed to most of ecological risk while the remaining heavy metals (except As) exerted medium to high risks to the environment according to the risk assessment code evaluation results. In summary, volcanic rocks possessed potential risks to the surroundings due to potential release of heavy metals. Cd that caused the pollution should be paid special attention.     

Mercury distribution,speciation and potential ecological risk assessment in sediments from Lake Taihu,China

Abstract

Twenty-one surface sediments collected from seven surroundings areas of Lake Taihu in two different years were analyzed for total mercury (THg) concentrations, physicochemical characteristics and speciation using a sequential extraction method to assess spatial distribution, sources, and potential ecological risk. Surface sediments from Lake Taihu contained elevated levels of Hg in two sampling years with THg levels ranging from 77 to 346?ng/g (mean 145?ng/g) in October 2010 and ranging from 122 to 573?ng/g (mean 266?ng/g) in November 2012, respectively. The mean THg concentrations in all studied surface sediments exhibited an increasing trend over time. The oxidizable fraction (F3) and residual fraction (F4) were the predominant Hg species in sediments, while more mobile Hg phases of acid-soluble fraction (F1) and reducible fraction (F2) made up less than 0.5% THg. Significant relationships were found between total organic carbon (TOC) and THg and geochemical speciation indicating an important role for organic matter in affecting distribution, mobility, and bioavailability of Hg in sediments. As evidenced by Hakanson’s potential risk index the total ecological risk of Hg was low in the entire Lake Taihu in 2010 but considered moderate in Zhushan Bay, West Coast, and Meiliang Bay in 2012. These findings provide conservation managers with information needed to more effectively regulate the environment of Lake Taihu.     

上海市河网水体中As的分布特征及其生态风险评价

2012年4月,在上海市河网采集表层水和沉积物样品各53个,测定其As含量,并采用潜在生态风险指数法对沉积物As的污染状况进行了评价。研究结果表明,上海市河网表层水和沉积物中As的含量分别为0.47～8.84μg·L-1和3.72～12.65μg·g-1,其中表层水中As的浓度处于中国地表水环境质量标准Ⅰ类水平,沉积物中As的浓度有15个样点超过了上海市土壤背景值,但均低于欧盟标准推荐值;表层水中As的浓度与pH呈显著正相关,说明pH值影响河水中As的迁移和转化;沉积物中As的浓度与总有机碳含量呈显著性正相关,说明沉积物中的As主要与总有机碳结合在一起;潜在生态风险评价结果显示,上海市河网沉积物中的As属于低生态风险。     

气象水文因子对呼伦湖湿地区域植物气候生产潜力的影响

利用呼伦湖湿地50年的气象资料、水文资料和生态环境监测资料,采用迈阿密模型及回归统计分析方法,分析了气象水文因子对呼伦湖湿地区域植物气候生产潜力的影响,结果表明,①50年来该湿地植物气候生产潜力变化趋势总体为下降趋势,减少的气候倾向率为每10年157.7 kg·km-2,峰值时段为1970—1990年,两个谷值时段为1961—1969年、1991—2010年,最大值和最小值与降水量出现的最多值和最少值一一对应。②在15个气象水文因子中有年降水量、年蒸散量、生长季径流量、春季大风日数、水位、春季平均风速、年大风日数、水域面积8个因子达到显著性检验（P〈0.150～0.001）,上述8个因子的排序也是与湿地区域植物气候生产潜力相关程度由大到小的排序。综述表明,呼伦湖湿地区域呈暖干化趋势,并且干旱灾害比较严重,是限制气候生产潜力的重要原因。③气象水文因子协同作用对该湿地区域植物气候生产潜力的影响较大,复相关系数为-0.997,年蒸散量与年平均气温、年降水量、生长季径流量和水位因子对湿地区域植物气候生产潜力的贡献相反,随其减少或增加,湿地区域植物气候生产潜力变化率增加或减少149.7 kg·hm-2。可以看出,该湿地气象水文因子的匹配并不理想,暖干化趋势依然是制约该区光能利用率低下的重要原因。④该湿地区域植物现实的生产力远未达到气候生产潜力,约有近60%的潜力可以开发;光能利用率较小的主要原因：一是现有的生态保护、修复技术及管理水平还比较落后,二是该区域暖干化趋势显著;而提高气候资源利用率的有效途径是加大保护生态环境力度和积极实施人工增雨、节水灌溉工程。     

Iron oxidation-reduction and its impacts on cadmium bioavailability in paddy soils: a review

Redox conditions in paddy soils may vary as they are submerged and drained during rice growth. This change may bring about reductive dissolution of iron (Fe) oxides and subsequent formation of secondary Fe-bearing minerals in rice paddies. The mobility and bioavailability of metal contaminants such as cadmium (Cd) in paddy soils are closely related to the chemical behaviors of Fe. Therefore, in this paper, advances in the study of paddy Fe redox transformations and their effects on Cd availability to rice are briefly reviewed. Current concepts presented in this review include the forms of Fe in paddy soils, the reactions involved in Fe oxidation-reduction, chemical factors affecting Fe redox processes, Cd availability to rice and the impacts of Fe transformation on Cd uptake and translocation in rice. Prospects for future research in this area are also discussed.     

太湖不同湖区夏季蓝藻生长的营养盐限制研究

采集太湖6个湖区水样,利用营养盐添加,现场培养实验研究了水华蓝藻在不同湖区水体中生长的氮、磷限制情况和蓝藻的生长潜力.结果表明,梅梁湾水体只有氮、磷同时添加才对蓝藻生物量具有显著的促进作用,表明该湖区水华蓝藻的生长不仅存在磷限制,而且存在明显的氮限制.在太湖西部河口区、竺山湾和贡湖湾,蓝藻对单独的氮添加没有反应,而单独磷添加和氮磷同时添加对蓝藻生长具有同样的促进作用,表明磷是这些区域藻类生长的主要限制因子.东太湖水体不论氮磷单独还是同时添加对蓝藻生长均没有促进作用,表明存在氮磷以外的限制因子.氮磷供应充足的情况下,梅梁湾和西部河口区水体培养的蓝藻生长速率最高,表明这两个水域蓝藻的生长潜力最大,氮磷输入极易刺激蓝藻大量增殖,这在一定程度上解释了为什么蓝藻水华在这两个区域更为严重.蓝藻在贡湖湾和胥口湾水体中生长速率较低,在东太湖水体中的生长速率最低,因此这些水域的蓝藻增殖潜力较低.     

Fe2+/Fe3+氧化还原系统预处理色酚废水的试验

介绍了采用Fe2+/Fe3+氧化还原系统对色酚废水进行预处理的工艺流程,确定了最佳工艺参数。研究结果表明,当还原反应的pH为9~11,反应时间20 min;氧化反应的pH为5.5~6,反应时间为30 min;FeSO4.7H2O加入量为5 kg/t废水时,CODCr去除率为75%~80%,并且处理后出水的色度、苯胺含量有明显改善,可生化性大大提高,十分有利于后续的生化处理。     

稻田层间流活性磷素的动态变化

采用特氟纶管采样法,原位、动态、实时地研究了水田15～20cm层间流活性磷(钼酸盐反应磷,MRP)的流失浓度及潜能.研究表明,早稻生长期间水田层间流MRP浓度为0.110～0.273 mg/L,晚稻生长期的MRP浓度为0.085～0.285 mg/L;水田15～20cm层间流磷素浓度差异与施用磷肥造成的土壤含磷水平大小直接相关,且随着土壤磷素的提高其流失潜能随之增加;配施有机肥不影响水田层间流磷素的流失潜能.