Edible Invertebrates Among Amazonian Indians: A Critical Review of Disappearing Knowledge

For the indigenous populations of Amazonia, invertebrates constitute an important component of the diet. We have information on entomophagy for 39 ethnic groups, about 21,4 per cent of the 182 groups known in the Amazon Basin, but the use of this non conventional food resource is probably much more widespread. We present here a data-base of all the information available for each ethnic group regarding the species included in the diet, the scientific and the ethno name if known, the stage of life-cycle consumed, the manner of preparation and, when known, the host plant. This data-base lists 115 species scientifically identified and 131 ethno names. In addition, we have information about other 384 ethno names, with unsecure link to the Linnean taxonomy suggesting that local knowledge is very extensive. The data-base represents not only an easy to consult resource, but also a support for further research. The knowledge of the relations between indigenous populations and ecosystem is indeed the base for the natural and cultural biodiversity preservation.     

江汉平原农村食品中农药残留研究

研究了湖北省潜江市农村６类食品中农药的残留情况,采样测定结果表明,在被检食品中有机氯农药污染普遍存在,但残留量均低于最大残留限量（ＭＲＬ）,以植物油残留量为最大;有机磷农药残留只在蔬菜中检出,检出率以根菜类为最大,叶菜类次之,果菜类和花菜类最小;菊酯类农药残留较少;杀菌剂多菌灵残留未检出。     

温州市粮食生产潜力及土地人口承载力研究

在光能生产潜力计算的基础上,经过温度、降水、土壤肥力和土壤质量等自然因素的订正,分析了温州市的土地生产潜力、粮食生产潜力。通过对温州市历年来主要粮食作物产量分析,采用产潜比增长速度法预测了２０００年和２０１０年的粮食产量,并据此计算了２０００年、２０１０年和潜在最大的人口承载量,指出温州市建立稳定协调可持续发展的人地关系的关键。     

南京市城郊蔬菜生产基地有机氯农药残留特征

以网格法在南京市无公害蔬菜生产基地八卦洲采集70个土壤样品,用加速溶剂萃取、固相萃取柱净化后GC-μECD测定土壤中有机氯农药(α-HCH,β-HCH,γ-HCH和δ-HCH以及o,p'-DDT,p,p'-DDT,o,p'-DDE,p,p'-DDE 和p,p'-DDD)残留量.结果表明,土壤中有机氯农药残留总量在6.18～84.72 μg·kg-1之间,平均18.63 μg·kg-1.DDT残留量高于HCH,为3.36～74.19 μg·kg-1,平均12.61 μg·kg-1.土壤中HCH残留量为2.48～17.80 μg·kg-1,平均6.02 μg·kg-1.DDT同系物中以p,p'-DDE和p,p'-DDT为主,而HCH中δ-HCH含量较低,其他3种异构体含量水平相当.所有土样中DDT和HCH残留量均远远低于GB/T 18407 无公害蔬菜产地土壤标准限定值500 μg·kg-1,但大多数土样中DDT和HCH残留量远远高于荷兰无污染土壤标准.     

论我国耕地保护与粮食安全

耕地资源关系到国家经济发展、社会稳定和粮食安全。对我国而言，经济飞速增长，人地矛盾十分突出，每寸土地都显得弥足珍贵。在收集我国1997-2005年耕地面积变化的资料，并作相关分析的基础上，研究得出我国耕地资源呈现不断减少的趋势，其中生态退耕和非农建设用地占用耕地是其变化的主要原因。耕地资源的减少引起了粮食总产量和单产量的变化，而耕地复种指数也是影响耕地产量的主要原因之一。在此基础上分析了耕地保护和粮食安全的内在关系，并提出适合我国的耕地资源可持续利用与粮食安全的措施。     

Ethanol fuels: Energy security,economics, and the environment

Problems of fuel ethanol production have been the subject of numerous reports, including this analysis. The conclusions are that ethanol: does not improve U.S. energy security; is uneconomical; is not a renewable energy source; and increases environmental degradation. Ethanol production is wasteful of energy resources and does not increase energy security. Considerably more energy, much of it high- grade fossil fuels, is required to produce ethanol than is available in the energy output. About 72% more energy is used to produce a gallon of ethanol than the energy in a gallon of ethanol. Ethanol production from corn is not renewable energy. Its production uses more non- renewable fossil energy resources in growing the corn and in the fermentation/distillation process than is produced as ethanol energy. Ethanol produced from corn and other food crops is also an unreliable and therefore a non-secure source of energy, because of the likelihood of uncontrollable climatic fluctuations, particularly droughts which reduce crop yields. The expected priority for corn and other food crops would be for food and feed. Increasing ethanol production would increase degradation of agricultural land and water and pollute the environment. In U.S. corn production, soil erodes some 18- times faster than soil is reformed, and, where irrigated, corn production mines water faster than recharge of aquifers. Increasing the cost of food and diverting human food resources to the costly and inefficient production of ethanol fuel raise major ethical questions. These occur at a time when more food is needed to meet the basic needs of a rapidly growing world population.     

Carbon footprint in corporate logistics operations in the food sector

Global warming is negatively affecting the environment of the planet. This situation has led to the development of international standards, such as the International Organisation for Standardization's DIS 14064‐1 and the Greenhouse Gas Protocol Corporate Standard, both of which measure corporate carbon footprints. These standards provide guidelines that can be applied to different organizational sectors. However, these are not sufficient for controlling the reduction of carbon emissions, because although they propose the use of indicators, they do not explicitly define them. In addition, in the case of emissions from wastewater treatment, they only suggest that the emissions associated with this process be considered. In the present study, an eight‐step, unified methodology based on these two international standards is proposed, focusing on direct emissions. Moreover, the step‐by‐step to data collection, calculations, and the required indicators to control the emissions are defined. The first scope considers direct emissions from sources that are owned or controlled by the company. Methane generation measurement from wastewater treatment has been included in the methodology within Scope 1, as it is the second most polluting gas after carbon dioxide, both of which give rise to global warming. The proposed methodology was tested as a case study in one of the most important companies in the food sector in Colombia.     

Reverse logistics in the Brazilian construction industry

In Brazil most Construction and Demolition Waste (C&D waste) is not recycled. This situation is expected to change significantly, since new federal regulations oblige municipalities to create and implement sustainable C&D waste management plans which assign an important role to recycling activities. The recycling organizational network and its flows and components are fundamental to C&D waste recycling feasibility. Organizational networks, flows and components involve reverse logistics. The aim of this work is to introduce the concepts of reverse logistics and reverse distribution channel networks and to study the Brazilian C&D waste case.     

微波消毒技术在医疗废物处理中的应用

本文通过对微波技术的调查,全面总结了医疗废物微波消毒系统的机理、设备组成、影响消毒效果的主要因素、设备的优越性和人体保护注意事项等。     

污泥停留时间对餐厨垃圾与剩余污泥中温厌氧混合发酵系统的影响

采用连续搅拌釜式反应器(CSTR)成功启动了餐厨垃圾与剩余污泥混合发酵平行系统,重点探究了不同污泥停留时间(SRT)缩减幅度对于餐厨垃圾和剩余污泥混合发酵系统的影响.结果表明,较大幅度地缩减SRT( 8. 3 d)提升反应器运行负荷,不利于反应器的稳定运行;随着反应器运行负荷的增加,SRT缩减幅度应逐渐降低(5～0. 9 d),能够取得餐厨垃圾和剩余污泥混合发酵系统的高负荷稳定运行.经过282 d的运行,CSTR混合发酵系统能够在SRT为9. 1 d,进料负荷(以COD计)为(12. 9±1. 5) g·(L·d)~(-1)的条件下稳定运行,相应的甲烷产量为3. 94～4. 25 L·(L·d)~(-1),甲烷产率(以COD计)为288～302 m L·g-1,p H和挥发性脂肪酸(VFA,以COD计)分别稳定在7. 80～7. 83和0. 32～0. 39 g·L-1.此外,还探究了高负荷条件下餐厨垃圾和剩余污泥混合发酵污泥特性,结果表明,餐厨垃圾和剩余污泥混合发酵系统甲烷转化途径以乙酸转化途径为主,具有较高的乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和戊酸的产甲烷活性和辅酶F420的质量摩尔浓度.