Effect of inoculation methods on the composting efficiency of municipal solid wastes

Four types of inoculation methods were studied during the composting of municipal solid wastes and dry grass (MSWG). The methods included a control group as well as initial-stage, two-stage, and multi-stage inoculations. Fulvic acids were extracted from the composting materials and characterized by spectroscopic techniques. The results showed that inoculation of microbes in MSWG enhanced the biodegradation of aliphatics, proteins, and polysaccharides. The inoculation also increased the molecular weight, humic- and fulvic-like compound content, as well as humification degree of the composting products. The inoculation of microbes in MSWG significantly improved composting process and efficiency. The improvement efficiency was in the order of initial-stage < two-stage < multi-stage inoculations. Inoculation of microbes based on composting organic matter composition and temperature enhanced composting efficiency.     

Energy,food, and land — The ecological traps of humankind

Humans’ superiority over all other organisms on earth rests on five main foundations: command of fire requiring fuel; controlled production of food and other biotic substances; utilization of metals and other non-living materials for construction and appliances; technically determined, urban-oriented living standard; economically and culturally regulated societal organization. The young discipline of ecology has revealed that the progress of civilization and technology attained, and being further pursued by humankind, and generally taken for granted and permanent, is leading into ecological traps. This metaphor circumscribes ecological situations where finite resources are being exhausted or rendered non-utilizable without a realistic prospect of restitution. Energy, food and land are the principal, closely interrelated traps; but the absolutely decisive resource in question is land whose increasing scarcity is totally underrated. Land is needed for fulfilling growing food demands, for producing renewable energy in the post-fossil and post-nuclear era, for maintaining other ecosystem services, for urban-industrial uses, transport, material extraction, refuse deposition, but also for leisure, recreation, and nature conservation. All these needs compete for land, food and non-food biomass production moreover for good soils that are scarcer than ever. We are preoccupied with fighting climate change and loss of biodiversity; but these are minor problems we could adapt to, albeit painfully, and their solution will fail if we are caught in the interrelated traps of energy, food, and land scarcity. Land and soils, finite and irreproducible resources, are the key issues we have to devote our work to, based on careful ecological information, planning and design for proper uses and purposes. The article concludes with a short reflection on economy and competition as general driving forces, and on the role and reputation of today’s ecology. Updated version of the keynote lecture presented at the EcoSummit 2007 in Beijing, China, May 24. The article is gratefully dedicated to the memory of my late colleague and friend Frank B. Golley.     

有机固体废弃物的热解处理研究

通过对锯末、稻壳、纸屑、橱芥、塑料和橡胶6种具有代表性的有机固体废弃物原料的热解实验,测量了它们三相产物收率,并分析了它们固体、液体和气体三相产物的组成.特别对液体产物,针对它们的特殊性分别采用了层析、模拟蒸馏和全烃气相色谱分析,详细探讨了热解焦油的具体组分,得到了热解法处理有机固体废弃物的一些有意义的数据.     

西藏自治区的土地、粮食和人口

本文讨论了西藏自治区土地系统、农业发展、人口增长和它们之间的相互关系。指出西藏土地类型复杂多样,极少土地能用于种植业,单位产量亦不高。人均占有粮食不足300kg,若干牧区不足50kg。粮食生产不能满足人口增长的需求。这种趋势在今后30年内仍将继续下去。 为了解决土地—粮食—人口三者之间关系的不协调,需采取若干切实措施。文中亦强调人口控制的必要。     

基于Logistic方程描述的鱼食和阿特拉津共同作用对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响

在养殖水域中地表径流等可引起水域中除草剂浓度升高,威胁养殖水环境的生态平衡.为评价阿特拉津和鱼食在水环境中的生态风险,以ρ（阿特拉津）（0、5、10、20和40 μg/L）及鱼食（鱼食为MⅡ培养基中的氮、磷营养源）投加量（0.05、0.20 g;d < 0.85 mm）为变量,基于Logistic方程探讨阿特拉津和鱼食共同作用下铜绿微囊藻（Microcystis aeruginosa）的生长,并研究藻类生长对鱼食营养盐的利用.结果表明:在ρ（阿特拉津）为0~40 μg/L范围内,铜绿微囊藻生长曲线均可用Logistic方程描述（R2=0.975~0.996）;一般情况下,基于Logistic方程得到的比生长速率、增殖速率和抑制率拟合公式均可描述相应实测值的变化,相关性分析得到的拟合值与实测值相关系数（R2）分别为0.861~0.992、0.381~0.839和0.621~0.839.相同ρ（阿特拉津）下,鱼食投加量对藻细胞密度有显著影响（P < 0.05）,Logistic方程拟合得到的理论最大藻细胞密度（K）随鱼食投加量的增加而增大.相同鱼食投加量下,ρ（阿特拉津）为5~40 μg/L时对藻类生长有抑制作用,随ρ（阿特拉津）增加,抑制强度逐渐升高,藻细胞密度越低,最大藻细胞密度随ρ（阿特拉津）的增加而减小.藻细胞密度与PO₄3--P利用量之间关系可用方程N=a×△cb描述,R2为0.23~0.99;藻细胞密度与NH₄+-N利用量之间关系可用方程N=a+b×△c描述,R2为0.04~0.99;藻细胞密度与TN/TP、NH₄+-N/TN和PO₄3--P/TP的关系均可用幂函数方程N=a"xb'描述,R2分别为0.72~0.78、0.66~0.83和0.55~0.56.研究显示,Logistic方程可用于分析阿特拉津和鱼食对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响,且藻类生长与营养盐质量浓度之间存在一定的定量关系.      

农用土地价格评估——以新疆库尔勒市为例

根据农用土地的具体特征选择适当的方法和评估中具体的操作是本文探讨的重点。解决不同利用方式下农用土地收益差异的综合平衡计算是关键。结合库尔勒市农用土地分等定级的具体实践，建立一套较为完整的农用土地价格评估体系，为今后开展的工作提供范例。     

室内培养底栖端足类日本大螯蜚饵料研究

本文在实验条件下探讨了５种饵料对海洋底栖端足类日本大螯蜚的培养效果。实验指标为存活率，生长速度，日增长率和发育状况。结果表明，青岛大扁藻与新月菱形藻１：１混合液的培养效果最佳，合成饲料是较好的补充饵料，螺旋藻粉不宜作为日本大螯蜚的培养饵料。动物性饵料培养效果不如植物性饵料，但对日本大螯蜚的早期快速成长具有一定的促进作用。     

某基岩区工业固体废物填埋场地递进式场地环境调查实例

针对某基岩区简易封场后的固体废物填埋场,采用多层次、递进式调查策略,配合使用地球物理探测、直压式土壤快速取样、现场快速检测等技术,分3个阶段开展填埋场及其周边环境调查。第1阶段,调查地质环境特征,开展地球物理探测;第2阶段,调查填埋物、渗滤液主要组分及对周边积水、农田土壤、民用井水的污染情况;第3阶段,划定重点污染区域,开展土壤和地下水污染调查。调查结果显示,填埋区已发生明显渗漏,对邻近区域土壤、地下水及地表积水造成了一定污染,但未对周边农用地土壤、民用井水质等产生不利影响,总体处于可控范围。提出,通过削减污染源,切断污染物迁移、暴露途径,消除已有污染影响,长期跟踪监测等多项管控治理措施进行综合整治。     

油脂对污泥和餐厨垃圾厌氧消化的影响

探究了油脂对污泥和餐厨垃圾厌氧消化性能的影响。结果表明,油脂对污泥和餐厨垃圾厌氧消化的影响与油脂的含量相关。当油脂质量分数由0提高至30%时,生物气的产量(以挥发性悬浮固体VSS计)也由385 m L/g提高至489 m L/g,然而继续升高油脂含量会抑制生物产气。机理分析表明,适当提高油脂含量能够提高有机物的溶出、VSS的减量以及挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)的积累,从而为微生物提供了良好的条件。过高含量的油脂会抑制有机物溶出和VFA的积累。     

丁酸胁迫对产氢污泥以厨余为底物的产氢影响

采用丁酸对产氢污泥进行胁迫处理,经胁迫后的污泥接种厨余垃圾进行产氢实验,考察丁酸胁迫对提高产氢性能的影响。结果表明,低浓度胁迫能提高产氢污泥的耐丁酸性,从而提高产氢量,而胁迫浓度过高则抑制产氢污泥活性,胁迫浓度呈"horm esis"效应。实验采用的4 g/L胁迫浓度为最佳,反应结束后,丁酸浓度和产氢量分别为8 417.1 mg/L和63.72 mL/g VS,比空白提高了31.3%和114%。产氢过程中SCOD的主要来源是有机酸。对产氢污泥胞外多聚物(EPS)的测定表明,厨余垃圾酸化速率、氢气产生速率和EPS总量成正相关。