有机氯农药在海河菹草根际和非根际沉积物中的分布特征

于2008年3～5月对海河干流沉水植物菹草根际和非根际沉积物中有机氯农药(OCPs)的分布进行了采样调查.结果表明,菹草根际沉积物中六六六(HCHs)、滴滴涕(DDTs)的含量分别为6.95～31.55ng·g-1(均值16.43ng·g-1,下同)和13.99～42.57ng·g-1(23·77ng·g-1),非根际沉积物中HCHs、DDTs的含量分别为1.80～8.09ng·g-1(4.66ng·g-1)和3.27～26.51ng·g-1(14.81ng·g-1);;除1个数据点外,菹草根际沉积物中OCPs含量均比非根际沉积物有明显的增加;;菹草根际沉积物中β-HCH、p,p′-DDE分别是HCHs和DDTs的主要组成成分,而非根际沉积物中β-HCH和p,p′-DDE和p,p′-DDD是主要成分.     

菲、芘污染土壤中丛枝菌根真菌对土壤酶活性的影响

采用温室盆栽试验方法,研究了丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对菲、芘复合污染土壤中微生物数量和酶活性的影响.结果表明,接种AMF显著增加了三叶草根际和菌丝际土壤中细菌、真菌和放线菌的数量,并对微生物区系有选择性.在供试菲、芘污染浓度范围内,低浓度菲、芘对土壤多酚氧化酶、酸性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性有激活作用;但当菲、芘浓度升高时,3种酶活性受到抑制.与无植物对照土壤相比,接种AMF后三叶草菌根际酸性磷酸酶活性降低了2.4%~23.1%,过氧化氢酶活性增加了12.6%~20.3%,除高浓度处理外多酚氧化酶活性均增加;菌丝际多酚氧化酶活性比菌根际低12.9%~62.9%,酸性磷酸酶活性比菌根际高3.3%~24.0%,过氧化氢酶活性则高于菌根际.     

Isolation and characterization of facultative mixotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria from constructed wetlands

Autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) have been widely studied in constructed wetlands systems, while mixotrophic AOB have been less thoroughly examined. Heterotrophic bacteria were isolated from wastewater and rhizospheres of macrophytes of constructed wetlands, and then cultivated in a mixotrophic medium containing ammonium and acetic acid. A molecular characterization was accomplished using ITS-PCR amplification, and phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. Results showed the presence of 35 bacteria, among 400 initially heterotrophic isolates, that were able to remove ammonia. These 35 isolates were classified into 10 genetically different groups based on ITS pattern. Then, a collection of 10 isolates were selected because of their relatively high ammonia removal efficiencies (ARE ≥ 80%) and their phylogenetic diversity. In conditions of mixotrophy, these strains were shown to be able to grow (increase of optical density OD₆₆₀ during incubation with assimilation of nitrogen into cellular biomass) and to oxidize ammonia (important ammonia oxidation efficiencies, AOE between 79% and 87%). Among these facultative mixotrophic AOB, four isolates were genetically related to Firmicutes (Bacillus and Exiguobacterium), three isolates were affiliated to Actinobacteria (Arthrobacter) and three other isolates were associated with Proteobacteria (Pseudomonas, Ochrobactrum and Bordetella).     

铅镉胁迫下接种根际细菌和真菌对圆叶无心菜生长和铅镉累积的影响

铅镉胁迫条件下,采用盆栽试验．研究接种云南会泽铅锌矿区Cd超累积植物-圆叶无心菜的根际细菌和真菌,对圆叶无心菜的生长和铅镉累积的影响,结果表明：2株根际真菌（YQ2F-5和YG2F-6）显著增加盆栽圆叶无心菜地上部分的生长,1株根际真菌（YQ2F-5）显著增加盆栽圆叶无心菜的生物量。根际细菌对盆栽圆叶无心莱的生长和生物量没有影响。接种根际细菌和真菌对盆栽圆叶无心菜Pb和Cd的吸收累积没有影响。     

Accelerated biodegradation of nitrophenols in the rhizosphere of Spirodela polyrrhiza

We investigated the biodegradation of 2-nitrophenol (2-NP), 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), and 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) in the rhizosphere of Spirodela polyrrhiza plants by conducting degradation experiments with three river water samples supplemented with each nitrophenol (NP). We then isolated NP-degrading bacteria both from the S. polyrrhiza roots and from the river water. In the river water samples, removal of the three NP was accelerated in the presence of S. polyrrhiza plants. The three NPs persisted in an autoclaved solution with sterile plants suggests that NP removal was accelerated largely by bacterial NP biodegradation rather than by adsorption and uptake by the plants. We isolated 8 strains of NP-degrading bacteria: 6 strains from the S. polyrrhiza roots and 2 strains from river water without the plants. The 2-NP- and 2,4-DNP-degrading bacteria were isolated only from the S. polyrrhiza roots. The 4-NPdegrading bacteria different from those isolated from the river water samples were also found on S. polyrrhiza roots. The 2-NP- and 4-NP-degrading strains isolated from the roots utilized the corresponding NP (0.5 mmol/L) as the sole carbon and energy source. The 2,4-DNP-degrading strains isolated from the roots showed substantial 2,4-DNP-degrading activity, but the presence of other carbon and energy sources was required for their growth. The isolated NP-degrading bacteria from the roots must have contributed to the accelerated degradation of the three NPs in the rhizosphere of S. polyrrhiza. Our results suggested that rhizoremediation with S. polyrrhiza may be effective for NP-contaminated surface water.     

象草与苦楝/构树间作修复矿区重金属污染土壤潜力

为探讨象草与木本植物苦楝/构树间作修复矿区重金属污染土壤潜力,开展室内盆栽试验,分析间作对植物生物量和重金属吸收累积、土壤溶液重金属含量动态变化影响及根际微生物群落组成响应特征.结果表明,和单作相比,象草和苦楝(KX)间作两者地上部生物量分别增加26.5%和13.2%,象草和构树(GX)间作下构树地上部生物量增加13.5%,象草生物量无明显变化.和象草间作后苦楝地上部Cd含量显著提高24.9%,两者地上部Cd和Pb累积量明显提高(P<0.05);间作构树显著增加象草地上部Cd和Pb含量及累积量,但构树地上部Cd和Pb含量明显降低.总体而言,间作处理显著提高单盆植物地上部Cd和Pb共同累积总量,且KX间作下单盆地上部Cd和Pb共同累积总量(1 065μg·pot^-1)最高.整个修复期间,KX和GX间作下土壤溶液pH和溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量均高于未修复土壤(CK).修复结束(第150 d)时,KX和GX间作下土壤溶液DOC含量分别较CK显著增加40.5%和33.1%(P<0.05),与CK、象草和构树单作相比,KX间作下土壤溶液Cd含量分别显著降低56...     

Fraction distribution and migration of heavy metals in mangrove-sediment system under sulphur and phosphorus amendment

In this study, mangrove seedlings (Kandelia obovata (S. L.)) were cultivated in rhizo-boxes, which contain sediments collected from natural mangrove forest and modified with different rates of sulphate and phosphate. The fraction distributions of Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni and Pb in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere sediments were studied by using a sequential extraction method. Metal concentrations in plant tissues and iron plaque on root surface were also determined to reveal migration variation of heavy metals in the plant-sediment system. The results showed that the activities of K. obovata roots enhance the reducible metals while reducing acid-extractable and oxidisable metals; sulphur amendment benefits the combination of metal ions with S^2– and therefore reduces the bioavailability of metal pollutants; addition of sulphur also improves the content of iron plaque on the root surface, which plays an important role in metal accumulation by K. obovata root tissue; the addition of sulphur markedly reduces the concentration of Cd in roots, but significantly enhanced the concentrations of Cu, Zn, Ni and Pb in roots. The results indicate that sulphur and phosphorus content in mangrove sediment, and the growth of mangrove plant can significantly influence the migration of heavy metals in the mangrove wetland ecosystem.     

Microbial community and functional genes in the rhizosphere of alfalfa in crude oil-contaminated soil

A rhizobox system constructed with crude oil-contaminated soil was vegetated with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) to evaluate the rhizosphere effects on the soil microbial population and functional structure, and to explore the potential mechanisms by which plants enhance the removal of crude oil in soil. During the 80-day experiment, 31.6% of oil was removed from the adjacent rhizosphere (AR); this value was 27% and 53%higher than the percentage of oil removed from the far rhizosphere (FR) and from the non-rhizosphere (NR), respectively. The populations of heterotrophic bacteria and hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria were higher in the AR and FR than in the NR. However, the removal rate of crude oil was positively correlated with the proportion of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria in the rhizosphere. In total, 796, 731, and 379 functional genes were detected by microarray in the AR, FR, and NR, respectively. Higher proportions of functional genes related to carbon degradation and organic remediation, were found in rhizosphere soil compared with NR soil, suggesting that the rhizosphere selectively increased the abundance of these specific functional genes. The increase in water-holding capacity and decrease in pH as well as salinity of the soil all followed the order of AR>FR>NR. Canonical component analysis showed that salinity was the most important environmental factor influencing the microbial functional structure in the rhizosphere and that salinity was negatively correlated with the abundance of carbon and organic degradation genes.     

锰砂人工湿地对污染物的强化去除

锰砂由于其具有强氧化和吸附作用已被广泛应用于净水领域中,而在人工湿地中以锰砂为填料的相关研究较少.根据前期研究推测,在人工湿地的基质中加入锰砂,其能通过氧化吸附强化去除水中的污染物,而还原生成的Mn （Ⅱ）又能被土壤及根系锰氧化微生物氧化为Mn （Ⅲ/Ⅳ）,进而防止Mn （Ⅱ）在水中的释放.为验证该推测,本研究探讨了加入锰砂的芦苇人工湿地对污染物的强化去除能力及微生物学机制.通过比较加入和未加入锰砂（对照组）的人工湿地的运行效果,发现锰砂人工湿地对溶解性有机碳（DOC）、TN和冬季时期NH₄⁺-N的去除具有显著的提升作用.16S rRNA测序结果表明,锰砂基质能显著提升冬季芦苇根系微生物的丰富度和多样性,但对人工湿地整体的群落结构影响较小,这可能与锰砂湿地强化污染物去除能力有关.本研究为人工湿地工艺优化提供了一种新思路.     

一株香蒲根际土壤脱氮菌株的脱氮特性及鉴定

从南四湖人工湿地植物香蒲根际土壤中分离得到一株反硝化XP1菌株,对其生态影响因子、反硝化能力、生长曲线进行了研究,并在实验室条件下利用菌株XP1反植于湿地植物香蒲根际土壤,考察对香蒲的强化脱氮作用.结果表明,XP1菌株反硝化作用的最佳碳源为柠檬酸钠;在pH值为7.0~9.0范围内有良好的脱氮效果,最佳pH值为8.0;最佳碳源与氮源比为7;最佳初始氮浓度为30mg/L.XP1菌株8h后进入指数增长期,最终总氮去除率可达90%以上.用该菌株强化香蒲脱氮,对于强化湿地脱氮工艺中亚硝酸盐的去除起主要作用,在相同条件下总氮去除率由46%提高到90%以上,强化脱氮作用明显,有良好的实际应用前景.通过形态观察,XP1菌株为短杆状革兰氏阴性菌,大小约(0.25~0.3)′(0.6~0.8)mm;经16S rRNA基因测序、系统发育树分析,XP1菌株为类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus sp.).