基于高通量测序的流化床生物滤器细菌群落结构分析

为了解流化床生物滤器内部细菌群落组成及其净水机制,通过高通量测序方法,研究了不同时期滤器中表层和底层滤料的细菌群落结构,分析了滤器不同床层的营养盐变化情况及水处理性能.结果表明,滤器的硝化作用主要发生于床层下部,表层对其的贡献率不显著.稳定工况下,流化床生物滤器对NH_4~+-N、TN、BOD_5和SS的去除率达到(68.3±2.24)%、(49.54±3.56)%、(60.35±4.98)%和(45.21±2.11)%,对氨氮的去除负荷达到(343.28±75.5)g·(m~3·d)~(-1),其硝化性能优于常规生物滤器.试验共筛选31个门,490个细菌属,其生物多样性显著高于常规生物滤器.自清洗装置的启停对滤器中不同区域载体表面细菌的多样性没有影响,对各样品的优势菌群略有影响.在滤器稳定运行时,表层区域的优势细菌基本维持不变,主要包括厌氧绳菌科、黄杆菌科、红杆菌科、硝化螺菌属、暖绳菌科.而底层区域的优势细菌随着时间的推移有所变化,主要包括硝化螺菌属、微丝菌属、Muricauda、Defluviimonas、红杆菌科.     

BF和BTF工艺去除DCM性能比较

分别以营养型缓释填料的生物过滤塔(BF)和聚氨酯小球为填料的生物滴滤塔(BTF)去除二氯甲烷(DCM)模拟废气.结果表明,采用"专属菌+综合菌"挂膜方式,BTF和BF分别在25 d和22 d内完成快速挂膜.扫描电镜结果表明,BF填料表面的菌落结构较为疏松、生物膜较薄,BTF填料表面的菌落结构致密、生物膜较厚.在DCM进口浓度100~1 500 mg·m-3、停留时间25~85 s条件下,BTF和BF对DCM均有较好的去除效果,最大去除负荷分别为22.61 g·(m3·h)-1和29.05g·(m3·h)-1.滤塔中CO2生产量与DCM降解量呈线性关系,经拟合得出BTF和BF的矿化率分别为70.4%和66.8%,且BTF矿化程度好于BF,表明滤塔内减少的DCM主要是被微生物利用降解.滤塔内DCM的降解动力学行为符合Michaelis-Menten模型,BTF和BF单位体积最大降解速率r max分别为22.779 0 g·(m3·h)-1和28.571 4 g·(m3·h)-1,气相饱和常数K s分别为0.141 2 g·m-3和0.148 6 g·m-3.     

UV-生物过滤联合降解苯乙烯废气的研究

实验采用主波长为185 nm的低压汞灯为紫外光源,泥炭、棕纤维、多孔活性炭为填料的UV-生物过滤塔联合装置净化苯乙烯废气.苯乙烯进气浓度控制在320~583 mg·m-3之间,稳定后去除率能维持在95%以上.UV光解苯乙烯形成醇、醛、羧酸等水溶性较好的可生物降解的物质,能改善生物过滤塔的运行性能.稳定运行阶段,当总停留时间(total residence time,TRT)较长时,进气浓度的变化基本不影响去除率,随着TRT减少,进气浓度对去除率的影响逐渐显现.TRT为102 s时,联合装置的去除负荷随进气负荷的增加而线性增加,去除率达95%以上.TRT为68 s时,进气负荷较低时,去除负荷的变化也遵循上述规律,但当进气负荷大于30 g·(m3·h)-1时,去除负荷逐渐偏离直线并趋于某一定值.若仅考虑苯乙烯浓度的增减,UV光解对苯乙烯的去除贡献率高于生物过滤塔,而系统关停10 d后重启,苯乙烯的去除效果在第4 d就能恢复.     

缓释碳源滤料滤池用于二级出水的深度脱氮

以聚己内酯(PCL)为反硝化电子供体和生物载体,开发出具有脱氮和过滤功能的缓释碳源滤料滤池,并以城市污水处理厂二级出水为原水进行深度脱氮试验,结果表明,在20.1～22.0℃的条件下,进水总氮(TN)质量浓度30.0 mg.L-1,HRT为0.5 h,反硝化负荷达54.0 mg.(L.h)-1时,TN的去除率最高可达98.9%;出水总有机碳(TOC)为6.5～8.4 mg.L-1,比进水增加了2.0～3.0 mg.L-1;出水SS低于4.0 mg.L-1;反硝化过程所需有机碳主要是在微生物作用下缓慢释放,其占到有机碳总释放量的84.2%;对碳源滤料进行扫描电镜观察,发现在其表面形成了致密的生物膜,其中微生物以杆菌和丝状菌为主.     

一株好氧反硝化菌的筛选及其工程应用研究

文章针对筛选出的菌种A2反硝化能力不高的问题,采用正交法对其生长及反硝化作用条件进行优化,随后在滴滤塔挂膜进行NOX性能降解试验。实验发现,在24 h内菌种A2的反硝化脱氮能力由优化前的65.80%提高到95.58%,采用优化后的培养基在滴滤塔挂膜时间较短,且对NOX处理能力、抗冲击负荷能力强。     

生物强化MBR-AF工艺短程硝化反硝化研究

本试验将短程硝化功能菌和反硝化功能菌分别接种至膜生物反应器(MBR)和上流式厌氧生物滤池(AF)中,构建了生物强化的MBR-AF短程硝化反硝化工艺,并以活性污泥作空白对照,考察该工艺对高氨氮废水的短程脱氮性能.结果表明,强化体系MBR的启动期短,仅需30d,而活性污泥体系MBR的启动期长达100d;强化体系MBR亚硝酸氮积累率始终维持在95%以上;在30℃下,随着运行时间的延长,强化体系MBR-AF工艺总氮去除率不断升高,最高达90%以上,比活性污泥体系高20%;强化体系MBR膜污染程度轻,膜的使用寿命长.说明功能菌强化在高效亚硝酸氮积累和氨氮转化方面起关键作用,可作为实现短程硝化反硝化的有效手段.     

Denitrification and biofilm growth in a pilot-scale biofilter packed with suspended carriers for biological nitrogen removal from secondary effluent

Tertiary denitrification is an effective method for nitrogen removal from wastewater. A pilot-scale biofilter packed with suspended carriers was operated for tertiary denitrification with ethanol as the organic carbon source. Long-term performance, biokinetics of denitrification and biofilm growth were evaluated under filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr. The pilot-scale biofilter removed nitrate from the secondary effluent effectively, and the nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N) removal percentage was 82%, 78% and 55% at the filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, respectively. At the filtration velocities of 6 and 10 m/hr, the nitrate removal loading rate increased with increasing influent nitrate loading rates, while at the filtration velocity of 14 m/hr, the removal loading rate and the influent loading rate were uncorrelated. During denitrification, the ratio of consumed chemical oxygen demand to removed NO₃-N was 3.99–4.52 mg/mg. Under the filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, the maximum denitrification rate was 3.12, 4.86 and 4.42 g N/(m²·day), the half-saturation constant was 2.61, 1.05 and 1.17 mg/L, and the half-order coefficient was 0.22, 0.32 and 0.24 (mg/L)^1/2/min, respectively. The biofilm biomass increased with increasing filtration velocity and was 2845, 5124 and 7324 mg VSS/m² at filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, respectively. The highest biofilm density was 44 mg/cm³ at the filtration velocity of 14 m/hr. Due to the low influent loading rate, biofilm biomass and thickness were lowest at the filtration velocity of 6 m/hr.     

Effect of Changing VOC Influent Composition on the Microbial Community Structure of TBABs

Microbial communities in trickle bed air biofilters (TBABs) were evaluated under conditions of interchanging the feed volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and VOC mixtures. Three independent TBABs (Biofilter “A,” “B,” and “C”) were run under interchanging VOCs conditions with different initial VOCs. Two aromatic compounds (toluene and styrene) and two oxygenated compounds (methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) and methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK)) were interchanged as single solutes. Two other TBABs “D” and “E” were run for two VOC mixtures. Biofilter “D” had a VOC mixture with equal molar ratio of the four components and Biofilter “E” received a VOC mixture with its composition based on EPA 2003 emission report. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis of 16S rRNA genes was used to assess the microbial richness in TBABs for treating the VOC mixtures and the impact of interchanging VOCs on the bacterial community structure in the biofilters. The results from DGGE indicated that the microbial community structure in the biofilter was different after each interchange of VOCs. Some bands of microbial species faded and some bands were strengthened. For the two TBABs treating VOC mixtures, the microbial species did not show significant difference, but the richness among these species was different from each other.     

Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Compost Composites for Biofiltration of Swine Waste Volatiles

In this study, a Poly(vinyl alcohol)(PVA)/compost composite bead is prepared and is indicated suitable as a filter material for biofiltration. The optimal preparation process is with the compost size of 16–35 mesh, the ratio of water to compost of 40 g/15 g compost, and the immersion time in the phosphate solution of 60 min. The composite bead prepared by this process is a porous spherical particle with a diameter between 2.4 and 6.0 mm and a density of 0.96 g/cm³. It contains 9.43 mg P/g dry solid and 12.1 mg N/g dry solid. The equilibrium moisture content of the composite bead bed from adsorption and holding experiments is 50.5 and 54.6% on a wet basis respectively, which is about 1.74 times higher than that of swine manure compost bed. It corresponds to the optimal filter material required and is sufficient to sustain biological activity as the composite bead adsorbs equilibrium moisture. The bulk compressive strength of the composite bead bed is about 1.15 times larger than that of swine manure compost bed to ensure even distribution of air flow and reduce the head loss as the air flow stream passed through. The pH value of the filter bed could maintain in the 6.9–7.2 range during the operation period due to the composite bead has the phosphate buffer capacity. The percentage of ethyl acetate removal could remain at over 99% for 40 days operation while the composite beads adsorbed inorganic nitrate nutrients. The pressure drop of two kind composite beads and pig manure compost filter beds are 0 and 2 mm H₂O, respectively, after operating for 40 days.     

Phosphorus limitation in biofiltration for drinking water treatment

Bacterial growth potential(BGP) method and two parallel pilot-scale biofilters were used to investigate phosphorus limitation and its effect on the removal of organic matters in biofiltration for drinking water treatment. Addition of phosphorus can substantially increase the BGPs of the samples. Its effect was equivalent to that of addition of a mixture of various inorganic nutrients including phosphorus.The biofllter with phosphate added into its influent performed a higher biological stability of the effluent and a higher CODM, removal than the control filter. Thesere sults suggested that phosphorus was the limiting nutrient in the biofiltration and the removal efficiency of organic matters could be improved by adding phosphate into the influent.