北京城市雨水、树冠水和地表径流中有机氯农药的污染特征

对北京降雨过程中雨水、树冠水、地表径流等介质中有机氯农药(OCPs)的污染特征进行了研究,研究的污染物包括六氯苯(HCB)、六六六(HCH)和滴滴涕(DDT)。结果显示,在雨水、树冠水和地表径流中,HCH含量最高(几何平均浓度分别为11.1、21.6和25.1 ng/L),其次是HCB(几何平均浓度分别为3.71、3.54和5.91 ng/L)和DDT(几何平均浓度分别为2.64、4.66和10.6 ng/L)。对地表径流样品中所测的OCPs组分浓度与径流水质参数和气象参数的相关分析显示,所测各OCPs组分浓度与pH呈显著负相关,与径流的溶解性有机碳含量呈显著正相关,降雨量和雨前晴天数对不同组分OCPs的影响并不完全相同。平均贡献率的计算表明,雨水是城市地表径流中OCPs的一个重要来源,树冠水的贡献也不可忽视。     

2种改良土壤渗滤系统对降雨径流中氮的去除

为研究改良土壤渗滤系统对降雨径流中不同形态氮(NH4+-N,NO3--N,NO2--N,TN)的去除效果及径流中氮负荷对氮去除率的影响,实验分别以聚氨酯泡沫和人工草皮为改良材料,以降雨径流中的氮为处理对象进行室内模拟研究。结果表明,聚氨酯泡沫土壤渗滤系统及草皮土壤渗滤系统对TN,NH4+-N均具有较好的净化效果,并表现出良好的耐冲击负荷能力。TN平均去除率分别为72.65%和71.07%,NH4+-N平均去除率分别为98.10%和99.09%。2种渗滤系统对NO3--N去除效果均较差,表现为-420.07%和-171.66%的负去除率。聚氨酯泡沫土壤渗滤系统对NO2--N的平均去除率为87.29%,高于草皮土壤渗滤系统53.77%的平均去除率。总体上,聚氨酯泡沫土壤渗滤系统对径流中氮的去除效果优于草皮土壤渗滤系统,具有较好的应用前景。     

Sources and Concentrations of Mercury and Selenium In Compartments within the Las Vegas Wash During A Period of Rapid Change

The Las VegasWash, which drains the Las Vegas valley watershed and provides the second largest inflow to Lake Mead, is being dramatically altered with erosion control structures and wetland restoration efforts. The impact of these changes on the cycling and distribution of Hg and Se is of particular interest because of their tendency to bioaccumulate and because of a lack of information on these contaminants in the Wash. In this study, we determined concentrations of Hg and Se in surface water (monthly), groundwater (once) and sediments (quarterly) from strategic locations within and along theWash during 2002 and 2003. The data was used to characterize Se sources and loading into theWash. Samples containing resurfacing groundwater and urban runoff (LW10.75 and Duck Creek) had significantly higher yearly means (13.7 ± 4.4 and 23.8 ± 4.1μg/L, respectively) compared with mainstream samples containing primarily treated wastewater (2.8 ± 0.8μg/L). Investigation of Se in tributaries, street runoff and rain suggest that the source of the elevated Se is likely groundwater seeps located within a relatively narrow geographic band on the southeast side of the valley. Se content of sediments was similar, except for LW10.75 which was rich in organic matter. Hg concentrations in the water and sediments were low, averaging 4±5 ng/L and 34±20 ng/g, dw, respectively. Overall, this study suggests that water quality remains relatively stable despite changes in theWash and managers of developing wetlands should not use tributary water as source water.     

入库径流污染综合防控技术应用实践——以彭州市西河水库为例

针对彭州市西河水库污染现状及污染来源特征,为有效限制和处理入库径流污染物,结合库区自然条件,集成了"生态护坡—岸边人工湿地—人工浮岛"综合防控技术,并设计建设了示范工程。工程运行监测结果表明:经示范工程处理过的径流来水,除总氮以外,其他指标可以达到地表水Ⅲ类标准要求,其中,来水总氮平均超标63%,出水总氮平均超标24%,工程平均削减总氮23.93%。"生态护坡—岸边人工湿地—人工浮岛"综合防控技术及示范工程在西河水库径流污染防控方面发挥了积极作用,可以为类似水源污染防控提供技术参考。     

The Comparative Accuracy of Two Hydrologic Models in Simulating Warm‐Season Runoff for Two Small,Hillslope Catchments

This article assesses the performance of two hydrologic models in simulating warm‐season runoff for two upland, low‐yield micro‐catchments near Coshocton, Ohio. The two models, namely the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) and the Gridded Surface‐Subsurface Hydrologic Analysis (GSSHA), were implemented with contrasting levels of complexity, with the former representing the catchments as lumped spatial units and computing evaporation only from standing water, and the latter incorporating fine‐scale variation in topography and soil properties and computing evapotranspiration from soil based on weather data. Our investigation began with uncalibrated model runs for 1990‐2003 except for 1994 using a priori parameter values. Then a set of calibration experiments were performed wherein the sensitivity of model performance to the length of calibration records was examined. Our results pointed to large errors associated with simulations from both models: even the calibrated models were unable to reproduce the seasonal and between‐catchment contrasts in runoff response. Using a priori parameter values, SWMM attained better results than GSSHA. However, with simple calibration, GSSHA outperformed SWMM in several respects. It was also found that extending the record of calibration rendered relatively minor changes to model performance. The practical and scientific implications of the findings are discussed.     

A Hydrologic Data Screening Procedure for Exploring Monotonic Trends and Shifts in Rainfall and Runoff Patterns

A thorough understanding of past and present hydrologic responses to changes in precipitation patterns is crucial for predicting future conditions. The main objectives of this study were to determine temporal changes in rainfall‐runoff relationship and to identify significant trends and abrupt shifts in rainfall and runoff time series. Ninety‐year rainfall and runoff time series datasets from the Gasconade and Meramec watersheds in east‐central Missouri were used to develop data screening procedure to assess changes in the rainfall and runoff temporal patterns. A statistically significant change in mean and variance was detected in 1980 in the rainfall and runoff time series within both watersheds. In addition, both the rainfall and runoff time series indicated the presence of nonstationary attributes such as statistically significant monotonic trends and/or change in mean and variance, which should be taken into consideration when using the time series to predict future scenarios. The annual peak runoff and the annual low flow in the Meramec watershed showed significant temporal changes compared to that in the Gasconade watershed. Water loss in both watersheds was found to be significantly increasing which is potentially due to the increase in groundwater pumping for water supply purposes.     

城市小区雨水径流水质监测及特性分析

通过对上海理工大学校园区的不同下垫面产生的径流水质的监测,及其对污染主要影响因素与污染程度的分析表明,下垫面材料、降雨历时、降雨强度及降雨量等是小区雨水径流水质的重要影响因素。小区径流水质的主要污染为有机污染及悬浮固体污染,且有机污染指标COD、悬浮固体污染指标SS、浊度随径流历时的变化满足指数方程。     

Regulating oil and gas facility stormwater discharge: An assessment of surface impoundments,spills, and permit compliance

Contaminated stormwater runoff from oil and gas (O&G) operations can pose a significant threat to surface waters. The purpose of this study is to examine the extent of this threat and identify more specific permitting requirements to protect surface waters. To better understand the extent of the threat, this paper identified and characterized the use of waste surface impoundments at O&G facilities as well as the threat level from O&G spills in California. To assess the efficacy of the current federal and California state-permitting regime, the paper evaluated stormwater permit compliance in two California counties. It also reviewed selected spill cases and associated Spill Prevention, Control and Countermeasure Plans and Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plans to identify the adequacy of current industry practices.The analysis showed that contaminated stormwater from O&G facilities can be better regulated. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency does not require O&G facilities to file for an Industrial Stormwater General Permit even though many O&G industry practices have the potential to contaminate stormwater runoff from the site. When O&G facilities discharge a Reportable Quantity of a hazardous chemical or violate a water quality standard, they are required to enroll in the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permit program. Spills, although not a direct indication of stormwater runoff, can highlight polluted runoff discharges that should have been regulated. Medium and large spills that reached waterways were such a risk for which operators did not file for a permit. In California new filing requirements for the oil and gas industry require all facilities that discharge stormwater that has come into contact with any overburden, raw material, or intermediate products located on the site, to file for an Industrial Stormwater General Permit. As this study showed, there has been an increase in enrollment since the enactment of the new requirements. Having all facilities enroll in the general permit program, as done in California, would require minimum monitoring and maintenance that could help prevent spills. A further step to ensure better protocol is to require specific pollution control practices in addition to the current general permit requirements. Such permitting regimes not only can be implemented on the US federal level but also internationally.     

近20年大、小凌河入海径流量和输沙量变化及其驱动力分析

利用大、小凌河1988—2007年的流量和输沙量资料,阐述了这2条河流入海径流量和输沙量的年内分配特征,应用Mann-Kendall秩检验法分析了其多年变化特征,并进一步探讨了2条河流入海径流和输沙量变化的驱动力. 结果表明:大、小凌河入海径流量和输沙量的年内分配极不均衡,分别有60%和90%以上集中在汛期(6—9月);近20年来,大、小凌河入海径流量和输沙量年际变化趋势基本一致. 1999年为2条河流入海径流量和输沙量年际变化的突变年,1999年前呈增大趋势,而从1999年开始明显减少. 流域降水变化可能是促使大、小凌河入海径流量和输沙量变化的主要原因,同时人类活动的影响也起到了较大的促进作用.      

平原井灌区土壤水库调蓄能力分析

20世纪80年代以来,由于干旱少雨,北方井灌地区农田地下水位普遍下降,由此使得农田土壤的蓄水能力发生变化。论文根据北京市水利科学研究所在北京市东南郊水资源试验区取得的试验资料,以0～3m土层作为土壤水库的界定深度,分析其对降雨的调蓄能力;经计算,1991～1995年间,春末夏初雨季前,土壤水库的有效调节能力,多年平均值为137.4mm(0～2m)和188.8mm(0～3m)。分析表明,0～3m层土壤有很好的蓄雨调节能力,雨季平均有近85%的降水量滞蓄在3m土层内,其余蒸腾、蒸发散失或补给地下水。研究认为,在田间采取一定的拦蓄水措施,即使遇到10年一遇24小时p=200mm这样的大暴雨,是可以做到农田地表不产流或少产流,从而最大限度地拦蓄汛期降水,增加土壤水资源量的。