The Comparative Accuracy of Two Hydrologic Models in Simulating Warm‐Season Runoff for Two Small,Hillslope Catchments

This article assesses the performance of two hydrologic models in simulating warm‐season runoff for two upland, low‐yield micro‐catchments near Coshocton, Ohio. The two models, namely the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) and the Gridded Surface‐Subsurface Hydrologic Analysis (GSSHA), were implemented with contrasting levels of complexity, with the former representing the catchments as lumped spatial units and computing evaporation only from standing water, and the latter incorporating fine‐scale variation in topography and soil properties and computing evapotranspiration from soil based on weather data. Our investigation began with uncalibrated model runs for 1990‐2003 except for 1994 using a priori parameter values. Then a set of calibration experiments were performed wherein the sensitivity of model performance to the length of calibration records was examined. Our results pointed to large errors associated with simulations from both models: even the calibrated models were unable to reproduce the seasonal and between‐catchment contrasts in runoff response. Using a priori parameter values, SWMM attained better results than GSSHA. However, with simple calibration, GSSHA outperformed SWMM in several respects. It was also found that extending the record of calibration rendered relatively minor changes to model performance. The practical and scientific implications of the findings are discussed.     

珠江八大入海口门可溶态铜的时空变化及其影响因素

以1987年至2011年的月测数据为基础,分析了珠江八大人海口可溶态铜的时空变化,并探讨了工业发展、铜矿厂分布、水产养殖及铜消费量等因素对它们的影响。研究结果表明:与国内外其它人海口相比,珠江口可溶态铜的含量处于较高水平,其中,虎门水道(A1)可溶态铜的含量显著高于除鸡啼门水道(A6)外的其它人海口(p0.1),可能是受工业废水排放及铜矿厂分布的影响。在时间变化趋势上,8个采样点之间,除了A1与A4外,其它采样点间均呈显著的正相关性(p0.1),其中A5和A6的变化趋势还与我国的铜消费量具有显著相关性(p0.1),表明人海口之间铜污染可能具有相似的影响因素,且工业生产活动对水体铜污染的波动具有一定的影响。     

Cation exchange resin supported nanoscale zero-valent iron for removal of phosphorus in rainwater runoff

Self-made cation exchange resin supported nanoscale zero-valent iron （R-nZVI） was used to remove phosphorus in rainwater runoff. 80% of phosphorus in rainwater runoff from grassland was removed with an initial concentration of 0.72 mg. L-1 phosphorus when the dosage of R-nZVl is 8 g per liter rainwater, while only 26% of phosphorus was removed when using cation exchange resin without supported nanoscale zero-valent iron under the same condition. The adsorption capacity of R-nZVI increased up to 185 times of that of the cation exchange resin at a saturated equilibrium phosphorous concentration of 0.42 mg. L-1. Various techniques were implemented to characterize the R-nZVI and explore the mechanism of its removal of phosphate. Scanning electron microscopy （SEM） indicated that new crystal had been formed on the surface of R-nZVI. The result from inductive coupled plasma （ICP） indicated that 2.1% of nZVI was loaded on the support material. The specific surface area was increased after the load of nanoscale zero-valent iron （nZVI）, according to the measurement of BET-N2 method. The result of specific surface area analysis also proved that phosphorus was removed mainly through chemical adsorption process. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS） analysis showed that the new product obtained from chemical reaction between phosphate and iron was ferrous phosphate.     

Advances in LID BMPs research and practice for urban runoff control in China

China is at present experiencing a very rapid urbanization process, which has brought a number of adverse impacts upon the water environment. In particular, urban runoff quantity and quality control have emerged as one of the key concerns for municipal officials. One of the strategies being considered is the use of a Low Impact Development type of Best Management Practices (LID BMPs) for urban storm water runoff quantity and quality control. In this paper, the situation surrounding urban runoff control in China is reviewed first. Then the conventional strategy and technologies for the construction and management of urban drainage systems are discussed, while exploring their inherent dilemmas. The LID BMPs are then introduced to control urban runoff in the context of urban sustainable water systems. After the comprehensive analysis of the various LID BMPs, the advances in LID BMPs research and practice for urban runoff control in China are investigated and summarized. At last, the difficulties of implementing LID BMPs in China are discussed, and a direction for the future is proposed.     

用修正RRL法计算城区径流雨水流量

随着我国城市化的发展,城市水文问题日益突出。城市排水、防洪和水污染等问题的解决,都有赖于城市降雨径流理论的发展和计算模型的改进。介绍了日本土木研究所创立的修正RRL法,并对该模型提出了改进的建议。     

基于SWAT模型的东江流域径流模拟

基于分布式水文模型SWAT以及SUFI-2 程序对东江流域进行了51 a(1960-2010 年)月径流模拟,并在此基础上讨论了东江流域水文过程的空间差异。模拟结果表明,河源站受新丰江水库影响,模拟结果不确定性较大,确定性系数R2和Nash-Sutcliffe 效率系数相对其他站点较低,龙川站、岭下站、博罗站R2和Nash-Sutcliffe 效率系数皆满足模型适用性要求。流域出口博罗站率定期R2、Nash-Sutcliffe 效率系数分别为0.83、0.83,验证期为0.84、0.84,模型模拟精度较高。东江流域径流深主要受降水空间不均影响,形成由北向南先增后减的趋势。流域下垫面差异对产流过程也有一定影响。其中土壤含水量受土壤性质、人类活动等影响,由北向南差异明显;蒸散发量受植被覆盖影响亦较为明显,北部蒸散量占降雨量的比例大于中部及南部。     

太湖流域果园种植面源氮磷输出强度及其定量评估方法

以太湖流域上游地区无锡阳山地区果园种植典型区域为研究对象,通过现场试验,调查了果园种植面源氮磷输出动态变化过程,计算并分析了氮磷输出强度,构建了果园种植面源氮磷输出强度定量评估模型。结果表明:取样监测期间,果园种植径流及淋溶氮磷指标变化幅度均超过200%;果园种植面源氮磷径流输出强度与其淋溶输出的变化一致,径流总氮的输出强度最高(13.201 kg/hm~2),淋溶硝酸盐输出强度最大(4.077 kg/hm~2);所建立的评估方程能较好地反映降雨量等环境因素对果园种植面源氮磷径流及淋溶输出强度的影响情况,模拟方程的复相关系数均在0.9左右。     

Transferral of HMs pollution from road-deposited sediments to stormwater runoff during transport processes

Ratio of turbidity and TSS (Tur/TSS) was used to characterize PSD of stormwater particles. Pb and Zn preferred to accumulate in finer RDS, while Cu, Cr and Ni in coarser RDS. HMs pollution in stormwater particles increased linearly with Tur/TSS. Dissolvability of HMs and PSD variations contribute to the differences between RDS and stormwater. Stormwater runoff, derived from the wash-off of road-deposited sediments (RDS), contains elevated heavy metal (HM) concentrations and, thus, imposes an increasing threat to urban aquatic ecosystems. In-depth understanding of the variations of HMs pollution from RDS to stormwater during transport processes facilitates the development of effective RDS and stormwater control strategies. Toward this end, the distribution of HMs (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, and Ni) in RDS and stormwater were investigated simultaneously. The results show a preferential accumulation of Pb and Zn in the finer (<38.5 μm) RDS, and Cu, Cr and Ni in the coarser (38.5–150 μm) RDS. For stormwater, n.d.~48.6% of HMs fractionated into the dissolved phase, and stormwater particles constitute the primary carriers of HMs. Furthermore, the accumulation of HMs in stormwater particles increased linearly with finer particle size distributions (PSD). Geoaccumulation index (I_geo) highlighted the predominant pollution of both RDS and stormwater particles by Cu, Pb and Zn. Nonetheless, Cu, Pb, and Ni mostly contributed the potential ecological risk of RDS, whereas Cu, Pb, and Zn mainly contributed that of stormwater particles. Moreover, contamination by Cu, Pb and Zn was significantly higher in stormwater particles than that in RDS. These differences are attributable to the solubility and size-dependent accumulation of HMs in RDS, as well as the PSD variations during transport processes. The study outcomes highlight the importance of very fine (nano- and submicron- scale) RDS in stormwater pollution and the necessity of control.     

Hydrologic and water quality performance of a laboratory scale bioretention unit

A bioretention unit (BRU) or cell is a green infrastructure practice that is widely used as a low impact development (LID) technique for urban stormwater management. Bioretention is considered a good fit for use in China’s sponge city construction projects. However, studies on bioretention design, which incorporates site-specific environmental and social-economic conditions in China are still very much needed. In this study, an experimental BRU, consisted of two cells planted with Turf grass and Buxus sinica,was tested with eighteen synthesized storm events. Three levels (high, median, low) of flows and concentrations of pollutants (TN, TP and COD) were fed to the BRU and the performance of which was examined. The results showed that the BRU not only delayed and lowered the peak flows but also removed TN, TP and COD in various ways and to different extents. Under the high, medium and low inflow rate conditions, the outflow peaks were delayed for at least 13 minutes and lowered at least 52%. The two cells stored a maximum of 231 mm and 265 mm for turf grass and Buxus sinica, respectively. For both cells the total depth available for storage was 1,220 mm, including a maximum 110 mm deep ponding area. The largest infiltrate rate was 206 mm/h for both cells with different plants. For the eighteen events, TP and COD were removed at least 60% and 42% by mean concentration, and 65% and 49% by total load, respectively. In the reservoir layer, the efficiency ratio of removal of TN, TP and COD were 52%, 8% and 38%, respectively, within 5 days after runoff events stopped. Furthermore, the engineering implication of the hydrological and water quality performances in sponge city construction projects is discussed.

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绿色屋面降雨径流水质源汇特征及污染源解析

2016年4月—2017年10月对93场降雨事件绿色屋面径流、沥青屋面径流和干湿沉降进行采样分析,运用多元统计方法,基于径流水质浓度和污染负荷两种角度,重点揭示绿色屋面径流水质的源汇特征,识别绿色屋面对降雨径流的滞留能力及影响因素,探讨了绿色屋面径流的污染来源.结果表明：绿色屋面具有很好的径流滞留效果,平均径流滞留率达到53.4%.绿色屋面径流滞留率月变化受到降雨量的显著影响,表现为在丰水期7、8和10月径流滞留率（73.6%、80.9%和93.6%）小于枯水期4、5、11和12月滞留率（100%）.绿色屋面径流滞留率与降雨量和降雨历时表现出显著的负相关关系,与雨前干期相关性较弱.基于径流水质,绿色屋面显著增加了径流中EC、COD、TOC、K⁺、Ca²⁺、Cl^-和SO₄^2-的浓度,是它们的污染源,但显著降低了径流中NH₄⁺-N和Zn的浓度,是它们的汇;基于污染负荷,绿色屋面仅是K⁺、Cl^-和SO₄^2-的污染源,是NH₄⁺-N和Zn的汇.绿色屋面存在4类污染源,即有机物和重金属源（来自于泥炭土和沥青油毡）、离子污染源（来自于泥炭土和蛭石）、物化污染源和营养物质污染源（来自于泥炭土和大气沉降）.研究结果可为绿色屋面的科学设计,管理和控制城市暴雨径流提供科学依据.