Importance of Crop Yield in Calibrating Watershed Water Quality Simulation Tools1

Surendran Nair, Sujithkumar, Kevin W. King, Jonathan D. Witter, Brent L. Sohngen, and Norman R. Fausey, 2011. Importance of Crop Yield in Calibrating Watershed Water Quality Simulation Tools. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(6):1285–1297. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00570.x Abstract: Watershed‐scale water‐quality simulation tools provide a convenient and economical means to evaluate the environmental impacts of conservation practices. However, confidence in the simulation tool’s ability to accurately represent and capture the inherent variability of a watershed is dependent upon high quality input data and subsequent calibration. A four‐stage iterative and rigorous calibration procedure is outlined and demonstrated for Soil Water Analysis Tool (SWAT) using data from Upper Big Walnut Creek (UBWC) watershed in central Ohio, USA. The four stages and the sequence of their application were: (1) parameter selection, (2) hydrology calibration, (3) crop yield calibration, and (4) nutrient loading calibration. Following the calibration, validation was completed on a 10 year period. Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiencies for streamflow over the validation period were 0.5 for daily, 0.86 for monthly, and 0.87 for annual. Prediction efficiencies for crop yields during the validation period were 0.69 for corn, 0.54 for soybeans, and 0.61 for wheat. Nitrogen loading prediction efficiency was 0.66. Compared to traditional calibration approaches (no crop yield calibration), the four‐stage approach (with crop yield calibration) produced improved prediction efficiencies, especially for nutrient balances.     

氮肥运筹和少免耕对麦田氮素径流流失的影响

采用田间小区定位试验研究了自然降雨条件下氮肥运筹和少免耕措施对稻麦两熟农田麦季氮素径流流失特征的影响。结果表明:自然降雨后麦田耕层土壤平均水分质量分数26.34%为径流事件发生的临界土壤水分质量分数。常规施肥(T0)条件下,麦季径流水量达2185.05 m3·hm-2,径流侵蚀泥沙量达716.08 kg.hm-2,少免耕(T2)处理增加麦田径流水量达29.67%,减少径流侵蚀泥沙量达13.96%,而肥料运筹(T1)与T0处理差异不显著;就整个麦季而言,T0处理条件下,径流水全氮(TN)平均质量浓度和径流侵蚀泥沙TN平均质量分数分别为10.51 mg·L-1和1.19 g·kg-1,T1处理显著降低径流水TN质量浓度和侵蚀泥沙TN质量分数分别达11.63%和5.93%,T2处理显著降低径流侵蚀泥沙TN质量分数达7.95%;麦季氮素径流流失主要集中在小麦生育前期,包括径流水氮素流失量和径流侵蚀过程中由泥沙流失的氮素量。T0处理条件下,氮素流失总量达31.76 kg·hm-2,其中,径流水氮素流失量占麦季氮素总流失量95%以上,T1处理减少麦季氮素总流失量达9.25%,而T2处理则增加麦季氮素总流失量达16.75%...     

几种修复措施对Cd淋失及土壤剖面运移影响

采集典型Cd超标稻田土壤开展室外盆栽实验,选取石灰、生物炭、苎麻、苎麻+有机酸EDTA添加强化富集植物等当前具有大田推广潜力的重金属超标土壤修复措施为研究对象,分析降雨、土壤双重酸性环境不同修复措施下土壤剖面有效态Cd含量变化及其径流流失特征.结果表明,生物炭(2%质量分数添加量)相比其他处理可显著提高土壤p H,苎麻添加EDTA则明显降低了土壤p H.同次降雨事件中,苎麻处理所产生的径流水样中水溶态Cd质量浓度显著高于水稻降雨排水,水稻生物炭添加处理径流水Cd质量浓度明显低于石灰添加及其他各处理,苎麻添加EDTA后径流水Cd质量浓度比苎麻显著升高,石灰处理(0.3%质量分数添加量)对土壤p H、径流水Cd质量浓度影响不明显.实验周期内,径流水Cd的质量浓度呈现春季高于夏季的特征.生物炭添加可显著降低0~20 cm土层有效态Cd含量且具一定持续效应,EDTA添加则显著提高了0~20cm土层有效态Cd的含量,而添加一段时间后含量则明显降低,但20~40 cm土层有效态Cd含量则略高于其他处理,具有一定的次表层土壤Cd活化效应.综上,生物炭等碱性固化材料添加修复措施可降低Cd污染土壤对地表受纳水体、土壤剖面下移的污染风险,而有机酸强化植物修复技术对地表水、深层土壤Cd污染风险较大,因此有机酸强化植物修复措施在大田推广时应充分考虑重金属的二次污染风险.     

城市雨水径流水质演变过程监测与分析

为了探讨降雨从落地前至居住小区出口径流的水质演变规律和污染特性,于2011年7～10月进行了6场雨水径流水质演变过程的监测与分析,同时,初步对比了草带对屋面径流的净化效果.结果表明:①城市降雨从"落地前雨水-屋面径流-路面径流-小区出口径流",水质变化规律明显,落地前雨水水质最好,屋面径流和小区出口径流水质较差,路面径流水质最差;②雨水水质从落地前到小区出口的演变过程中,除可溶性TP平均浓度未超出地表水环境质量Ⅳ类标准外,COD、NH4+-N、TN平均浓度均超出地表水环境质量Ⅴ类标准;③前期晴天时间短的降雨径流污染物平均浓度明显低于前期晴天时间长的降雨,并且同一场降雨过程,降雨结束时径流水质明显好于初期;④草带对降雨径流中污染物的浓度削减作用明显,约1.0 m宽的草带对屋面径流污染物COD和氮的削减率基本都在30%左右.     

合流制排水系统雨天溢流污染CMB法源解析

对上海市某合流制排水系统服务范围内的地表径流、旱流污水和管道沉积物的污染物特性进行检测分析,通过对比不同污染源的污染特征,确定Zn、NH+4-N、P的含量分别在地表径流、旱流污水和管道沉积物中具有特异性且相对稳定,提出以Zn/P、NH+4-N/Zn、P/K这3个无量纲比值作为上述3个排放源各自的特征参数,据此探讨了CMB法在合流制雨天溢流污染源解析中的应用,结果表明,地表径流、旱流污水和管道沉积物对溢流污染的平均贡献率分别为42.8%、12.2%、23.8%,解析结果可基本反映CSO污染的构成情况.研究方法与结果为合流制系统雨天溢流污染源解析提供了参考.     

Co-design of experimental nature-based solutions for decentralized dry-weather runoff treatment retrofitted in a densely urbanized area in Central America

The quality of water in many urban rivers in Latin America is increasingly degrading due to wastewater and runoff discharges from urban sprawl. Due to deficits in sanitary drainage systems, greywater is discharged to the stormwater drainage network generating a continuous dry-weather runoff that reaches rivers without treatment. One of the main challenges in the region is to achieve sustainable management of urban runoff for the recovery of rivers ecosystem integrity. However, retrofitting conventional centralized wastewater drainage networks into the existing urban grid represents important social, economic and technical challenges. This paper presents an alternative adaptive methodology for the design of Nature-based Solutions for decentralized urban runoff treatment. Through this study, technical solutions commonly used for stormwater management were adapted for dry-weather runoff treatment and co-designed for the particular conditions of a representative study area, considering space availability as the main constraining factor for retrofitting in urban areas. The application of a co-design process in a dense neighbourhood of the Great Metropolitan area of Costa Rica brought to light valuable insights about conditions that could be hindering the implementation of NBS infrastructures in Latin America.     

ANN OUTPUT UPDATING OF LUMPED CONCEPTUAL RAINFALL/RUNOFF FORECASTING MODELS1

ABSTRACT: Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are tested for the output updating of one‐day‐ahead and three‐day‐ahead streamflow forecasts derived from three lumped conceptual rainfall/runoff (R‐R) models: the GR4J, the IHAC, and the TOPMO. ANN output updating proved superior to a parameter updating scheme and to the ‘simple’ output updating scheme, which always replicates the last observed forecast error. In fact, ANN output updating was able to compensate for large differences in the initial performance of the three tested lumped conceptual R‐R models, which the other tested updating approaches were not able to achieve. This is done mainly by incorporating input vectors usually exploited for ANN R‐R modeling such as previous rainfall and streamflow observations, in addition to the previous observed error. For one‐day‐ahead forecasts, the performance of all three lumped conceptual R‐R models, used in conjunction with ANN output updating, was equivalent to that of the ANN R‐R model. For three‐day‐ahead forecasts, the performance of the ANN‐output‐updated conceptual models was even superior to that of the ANN R‐R model, revealing that the conceptual models are probably performing some tasks that the ANN R‐R model cannot map. However, further testing is needed to substantiate the last statement.     

化肥减量配施生物炭对紫色土坡耕地磷流失的影响

磷是农作物生长所必需的营养元素,但过量磷的投入是造成水体富营养化问题的重要原因.探究实际生产中施肥方式与磷素流失之间的关系,为科学施肥和合理减施化肥提供理论依据.本试验采用野外径流小区对紫色土坡耕地2017～2018年度多次降雨产流产沙进行定点监测,研究了不施肥处理、常规施肥处理、优化施肥处理和减量施肥配施生物炭4种不同方案对紫色土坡耕地壤中流、地表径流和泥沙磷素流失的影响.结果表明:①各处理的产流总量表现为:优化(20 737.23 L)常规(18 513.17 L)CK(18 134.58 L)生物炭(13 594.85 L),各处理的产沙总量表现为:CK(1998kg·hm~(-2))生物炭(1 884 kg·hm~(-2))优化(1 681kg·hm~(-2))常规(910kg·hm~(-2)).壤中流是紫色土坡耕地雨季产流的主要类型,占到总产流量的60.14%～87.34%,各处理的产沙总量除常规外,其他处理不存在显著性差异(P0.05).②各处理的全磷流失通量均表现为泥沙地表径流壤中流.通过壤中流流失的磷素最少,只占全磷流失通量的2.63%～12.91%,而泥沙磷素流失通量占比可达63.74%～78.74%,是紫色土坡耕地土壤磷素流失的主要输出途经.③配施生物炭可以有效减少紫色土坡耕地土壤的壤中流产流量,以及壤中流的正磷酸盐的流失通量,较常规处理分别减少49.94%和56.45%.但是对地表径流的截留效果不佳,对颗粒态磷的流失通量无明显影响,同时增加了地表径流与泥沙中的全磷流失通量,较常规处理显著增加73.28%和123.53%(P0.05).因此,为控制西南地区紫色土坡耕地磷的流失,应着重减少土壤泥沙流失的发生.而生物碳在农业生产实际应用中也应进一步优化与化肥磷素投入配比.     

Water Balances of Two Piedmont Headwater Catchments: Implications for Regional Hydrologic Landscape Classification

In the Piedmont of North Carolina, a traditionally water‐rich region, reservoirs that serve over 1 million people are under increasing pressure due to naturally occurring droughts and increasing land development. Innovative development approaches aim to maintain hydrologic conditions of the undisturbed landscape, but are based on insufficient target information. This study uses the hydrologic landscape concept to evaluate reference hydrology in small headwater catchments surrounding Falls Lake, a reservoir serving Raleigh and the greater Triangle area. Researchers collected one year of detailed data on water balance components, including precipitation, evapotranspiration, streamflow, and shallow subsurface storage from two headwater catchments representative of two hydrologic landscapes defined by differences in soils and topographic characteristics. The two catchments are similar in size and lie within the same physiographic region, and during the study period they showed similar water balances of 26‐30% Q, ?4 to 5% ΔS, 59‐65% evapotranspiration, and 9‐10% G. However, the steeper, more elevated catchment exhibited perennial streamflow and nongrowing season runoff ratios (Q/P) of 33%, whereas the flat, low‐lying stream was drier during the growing season and exhibited Q/P ratios of 52% during the nongrowing season. A hydrologic landscape defined by topography and soil characteristics helps characterize local‐scale reference hydrology and may contribute to better land management decisions.     

海螺沟冰川融水径流中汞与悬浮颗粒物的季节变化特征及其关系研究

为研究冰川融水径流中汞与悬浮颗粒物的变化及其相关关系,于2019年6月～2020年9月在青藏高原东南缘海螺沟冰川融水径流进行为期一年的连续定点采样,测试了样品中汞形态含量和悬浮颗粒物的数量、含量及粒径特征。分析表明,总汞的平均含量为6.96～10.78 ng/L,其中颗粒态汞为4.54～9.14 ng/L,溶解态汞为1.53～2.42 ng/L,与青藏高原及世界其他偏远地区河流汞含量相当。各形态汞与悬浮颗粒物不同特征在不同季节的相关关系差异显著,总汞和颗粒态汞含量与总悬浮颗粒物含量和数量在夏季消融盛期具有突出且一致的正相关关系,但在秋冬季并未显示出正相关,表明前人揭示的冰川补给河流中颗粒物控制汞含量变化的结论具有季节局限性。冰川径流中的汞受水文过程和汞的来源及其在水体中的转化等多因素影响,汞形态含量与悬浮颗粒物不同物理特征在不同季节的差异性可能反映了不同季节汞的来源和传输机制的差异。