浅析新疆平原水库的环境地质问题

文章从新疆平原水库的特点及其作用出发,阐明了平原水库较适宜新疆的自然地理和经济状况;同时也分析了平原水库存在的环境地质问题及其治理措施,并强调病险库治理的迫切性     

白银区沿黄灌区盐碱土的现状调查及改良措施

通过对甘肃省白银区沿黄灌区土地盐碱化的现状调查和成因分析 ,提出节水灌溉、治理废水、生物排盐等改良盐碱土的综合措施     

基于贝叶斯网络分类的土壤盐渍化遥感监测

贝叶斯网络是一种将贝叶斯概率方法和有向无环图的网络拓扑结构有机结合的概率模型.采用贝叶斯网络分类对具有典型干旱特征的库车县土壤盐渍化情况进行监测,首先应用条件独立性测试原理建立贝叶斯网络结构,把研究区遥感数据进行离散化,然后应用贝叶斯定理作为分类原则,将每个像元分为像元最大概率的类别.研究结果表明该方法来分类6种地类的整体分类精度达到96%,并为该区盐渍地面积,空间分布等特征监测提供较好的依据.     

喀什噶尔河下游平原区地下水咸化特征及成因分析

为了揭示新疆喀什噶尔河下游平原区地下水咸化的分布特征和形成机制,综合运用数理统计、Duorv图、PCA-APCS-MLR模型、离子比值和水文地球化学模拟等方法,对2018年采集的69组地下水样品进行分析.结果表明,研究区地下水总体呈弱碱性,TDS的变化范围为573.0~16700.0 mg ·L^-1,地下水化学类型主要为HCO₃·SO₄·Cl、SO₄和SO₄·Cl型;咸化系数计算结果表明,从潜水至深层承压水咸化程度呈现出逐渐增加的规律;蒸发浓缩作用和溶滤作用是导致研究区地下水咸化的主要因素,从潜水至深层承压水碳酸盐岩、硅酸盐岩的风化溶解和阳离子交换作用逐渐减弱,而蒸发盐岩的风化溶解持续加强,也是导致深层地下水咸化程度大于浅层地下水的首要因素;人类活动对研究区地下水咸化也产生了一定的影响;相邻含水层咸水的越流补给加剧了研究区地下水的咸化.     

Soil Quality Evolution After Land Use Change From Paddy Soil to Vegetable Land

A survey was done in 15 typical villages, 150 soil and 86 vegetable plant samples were taken in Jiaxin prefecture of the Taihu Lake region, northern Zhejian province. Results indicate that after 15–20 years land use changed from the paddy rice–wheat (or oilseed rape) double cropping system, to a continuous vegetable land has caused soil quality dramatic change. (1) Acidification: average soil pH was 5.4; about 61% of total samples were pH < 5.5. It was 0.9 units lower than 10 years ago with same upland vegetable cultivation and was 1.2 units lower than soil pH of paddy rice–wheat (or oilseed rape) rotation. (2) Fertilizer salt accumulation: the average salt content was 0.28%, among these about 36.2% of the total samples contained more than 0.3%. (3) Nitrate N and available phosphorus (P) over accumulation: on average it was 279 mg NO₃-N/kg, and 45–115 mg P/kg. Nitrate N four times higher and available P 4–10 times more than it is in present paddy rice–wheat rotation soils respectively. This has caused wide concern because of possible groundwater and well drinking water pollution by leached nitrate N and the P losses to water by runoff from vegetable lands induce surface water eutrophication.     

滴水湖底泥内源营养盐释放行为与曝气运行模式的关系

以滴水湖上覆水及底泥为研究对象,探讨了不同曝气运行模式对滴水湖底泥内源营养盐释放行为的影响,为曝气原位修复滴水湖等滨海盐碱化地区富营养化人工湖泊提供技术参考。结果表明,曝气能有效降低滴水湖上覆水体NH+4-N浓度,但此类滩涂底泥中较高的盐度能促进内源NH+4-N的释放并抑制硝化作用,使其NH+4-N削减率明显低于城市重污染河道;静置组TP浓度有所升高,而间歇曝气组及连续曝气组TP削减率分别为63.6%和38.5%,说明间歇曝气能有效降低上覆水体中的TP浓度;与曝气修复城市重污染河道相比,滴水湖较高的盐度及pH不利于TN去除,其中间歇曝气组对上覆水TN的控制优于连续曝气组与静置组;间歇曝气运行模式更适合于滴水湖等滨海盐碱化地区富营养化人工湖泊的底泥修复。     

衡水市桃城区浅层地下水咸化成因

为了解衡水市桃城区浅层咸水特征及成因,通过分析典型钻孔易溶盐以及浅层地下水(井深≤100 m)的水化学及氢氧稳定同位素数据,对浅层地下水补给来源和咸化过程进行了研究.结果表明：研究区浅层地下水为弱碱性咸水,TDS变化范围176.06～17 569.65 mg·L^-1,钻孔全盐量为1.830～6.509 g·kg^-1,易溶盐水化学与浅层水化学类型相似,均为SO₄·Cl-Na·Mg型和Cl·SO₄-Na·Ca型.不同时期的大气降水是浅层地下水的主要补给来源.地下水中盐分主要来源于岩盐及硫酸盐矿物的溶解;同时蒸发作用和还原环境对于地下水盐分的积累也有一定贡献,但地下水咸化过程受到人类活动及海水入侵的影响较小.     

嘉兴平原土壤渍害及防治对策

９０年代以来，嘉兴洪涝灾害频发，造成土壤渍害，由此造成的粮食损失至少７．５万ｔ／ａ，约占全市粮食总产的３％。低洼涝渍田和粘闭滞渍田是渍害土壤的主要类型，约占全市低产田总面积的８０％。调查了渍害土壤的范围、分布，对其理化性质、土体发育特征以及渍害的发展趋势也进行了分析，提出了相应的防治对策。     

某油田采油区土壤污染及土壤环境质量评价

目前,尚未发现完全适合采油区土壤污染评价的相关标准。基于此确定了土壤各因子的评价标准,并制定了土壤污染程度分级标准,开展了土壤石油污染、重金属污染、盐化污染等多种污染的联合调查评价,克服了以往对土壤石油污染进行单一调查评价的不足,并进行了土壤环境质量评价。土壤污染评价结果显示:该采油区土壤污染现状为重污染级,石油类是土壤污染的主要因子,其他因子为警戒级或清洁级,但Cd、全盐量、p H值已接近污染起始值。土壤环境质量评价结果显示:各因子均符合国家土壤环境质量二级标准,但重金属Cd的平均含量已达到了二级标准的界限值。     

Sustainable Land Use Requires Attention to Ecological Signals

This case study details the difficulties of landscape management, highlighting the challenges inherent in managing natural resources when multiple agencies are involved, when the land users have no incentive for conservation, and when government agencies have too few resources for effective management. Pumping of groundwater from the aquifer of La Costa de Hermosillo in the state of Sonora, Mexico, began in 1945 and developed so quickly that by the late 1950s salinity intrusion from the Gulf of California was occurring in the wells. In the 1970s, the irrigatable land in La Costa peaked at 132,516 ha and the extracted volume of water from the aquifer peaked at around 1.14 billion cubic meters annually. By the 1980s, 105 wells of the total of 498 were contaminated with seawater and, therefore, identified for closure. At present La Costa de Hermosillo still represents 15% of the total harvested land, 16% of the total annual production, and 23% of the gross agricultural production of the state of Sonora. However, there are approximately 80,000 ha of abandoned fields due to salt water intension, lack of water and/or lack of credit available to individual farmers. This unstable situation resulted from the interplay of water management policies and practices, and farm-land policies and practices. While government agencies have been able to enforce better water use for agricultural production, there remains a significant area that requires restoration from its degraded state. For this piece of the ecosystem management puzzle, government agencies have thus far been unable to affect a solution.