Use of tracer tests to investigate changes in flow and transport properties due to bioclogging of porous media

Tracer tests were conducted in three laboratory columns to study changes in the hydraulic properties of a porous medium due to bioclogging. About 30 breakthrough curves (BTCs) for each column were obtained. The BTCs were analyzed using analytical equilibrium and dual-porosity models, and estimates of the hydrodynamic dispersion and mass transfer coefficients were obtained by curve fitting. The change in transport properties developed in three stages: an initial phase (I) with no significant changes in transport properties, phase II with growth of biomass near the inlet of the columns causing changes in dispersivity, and phase III with added growth of micro-colonies deeper in the columns causing mass transfer of solutes from the water phase to the biophase. Tracer transport changed from being uniform to more non-uniform with increase in mass transfer of the tracer between the mobile phase and the immobile biomass. An increase in the bulk dispersivity value of up to one order of magnitude was observed. Numerical simulations suggest that local dispersivity values may be as much as 40 times higher in the more severe clogged areas inside the column. The bulk hydraulic conductivities of the columns decreased by up to three orders of magnitude. The hydraulic conductivity and dispersivity parameters were almost recovered after disinfection of the columns. Different models relating the changes of the hydraulic conductivity to the changes in the mobile porosity due to bioclogging were reviewed, and the micro-colony relation of Thullner et al. [Thullner, M., Zeyer, J., Kinzelbach, W., 2002. Influence of microbial growth on hydraulic properties of pore networks, Transport in Porous Media, 49, 99-122.] was found to best describe the relation between the bulk hydraulic parameters.     

聚酰亚胺基石墨膜的制备、高温结构演变及其导热性能研究

目的 系统研究聚酰亚胺（PI）膜在高温碳化、石墨化过程中的微观结构演变,以及PI膜厚对石墨膜结构和导热性能的影响机制。方法 采用二步法制备2种不同厚度的PI薄膜,对其进行高温碳化、石墨化和压延处理,并系统研究薄膜高温结构演变规律和及其导热性能。结果 涂布法制备出的PI膜膜厚分别为32、67.5μm,经1 000℃碳化后,薄膜从无序结构转变无定形碳,并在2 800℃高温石墨化过程中转变为高度有序的层状石墨结构,经压延工艺处理后,其石墨膜厚度分别为17、40μm,压延工艺减少了石墨膜疏松孔洞和片层间间距,显著提高了石墨膜面内导热系数。结论 在一定范围内,薄膜越薄,越有利于杂质元素脱除和提升石墨化程度。所制得的17μm石墨膜面内热导率可达1 465 W/(m·K)。     

聚酰亚胺基石墨膜材料研究进展

综述了聚酰亚胺基石墨膜材料的研究进展,简述了聚酰亚胺薄膜的分类、合成方法及其应用,详细介绍了聚酰亚胺制备石墨膜的方法,碳化和石墨化过程中涉及的分子结构和其形貌以及性能的变化过程。阐述了制备石墨膜过程中的机理,进而分析了影响聚酰亚胺基石墨膜性能的因素,主要包括了化学结构、烧结工艺以及复合薄膜中掺杂组分对结构和性能的影响。其后,通过近年来国内外的专利情况,分析了石墨膜材料的应用方向,总结并展望了未来聚酰亚胺基石墨膜材料的发展方向。     

单自由度自动翻转平台力学特性研究

目的 提出一种单自由度自动液压翻转平台,综合分析其力学特性,验证是否适用于固体火箭发动机振动试验换向过程。方法 根据液压设计理论,推导液压缸伸缩位移与翻转角度的数学关系,通过对翻转架进行静力学分析,确定翻转平台的极限受力位置,并解析受力与翻转角度之间的具体关系。针对极限受力位置的翻转架连同机架联合体,进行静应力分析,验证其稳定性。结果 翻转架处于初始水平位置时,液压缸承受最大压力,翻转角度为90°时,液压缸受拉轴向力出现最大值。翻转架的应力分布不均匀,应力最大值出现在其中部,最大应力值远小于许用应力,其强度满足应用要求。结论 翻转平台的力学性能满足设计和使用要求。另外,极限位置静力学受力分析和运动过程分析的结合评价方法,能够合理判定轴支撑翻转类机械装备的力学性能。     

Assessing the effects of land use changes on soil sensitivity to erosion in a highland ecosystem of semi-arid Turkey

There has been increasing concern in highlands of semiarid Turkey that conversion of these systems results in excessive soil erosion, ecosystem degradation, and loss of sustainable resources. An increasing rate of land use/cover changes especially in semiarid mountainous areas has resulted in important effects on physical and ecological processes, causing many regions to undergo accelerated environmental degradation in terms of soil erosion, mass movement and reservoir sedimentation. This paper, therefore, explores the impact of land use changes on land degradation in a linkage to the soil erodibility, RUSLE-K, in Cankiri–Indagi Mountain Pass, Turkey. The characterization of soil erodibility in this ecosystem is important from the standpoint of conserving fragile ecosystems and planning management practices. Five adjacent land uses (cropland, grassland, woodland, plantation, and recreational land) were selected for this research. Analysis of variance showed that soil properties and RUSLE-K statistically changed with land use changes and soils of the recreational land and cropland were more sensitive to water erosion than those of the woodland, grassland, and plantation. This was mainly due to the significant decreases in soil organic matter (SOM) and hydraulic conductivity (HC) in those lands. Additionally, soil samples randomly collected from the depths of 0–10 cm (D ₁) and 10–20 cm (D ₂) with irregular intervals in an area of 1,200 by 4,200 m sufficiently characterized not only the spatial distribution of soil organic matter (SOM), hydraulic conductivity (HC), clay (C), silt (Si), sand (S) and silt plus very fine sand (Si + VFS) but also the spatial distribution of RUSLE-K as an algebraically estimate of these parameters together with field assessment of soil structure to assess the dynamic relationships between soil properties and land use types. In this study, in order to perform the spatial analyses, the mean sampling intervals were 43, 50, 64, 78, 85 m for woodland, plantation, grassland, recreation, and cropland with the sample numbers of 56, 79, 72, 13, and 69, respectively, resulting in an average interval of 64 m for whole study area. Although nugget effect and nugget effect–sill ratio gave an idea about the sampling design adequacy, the better results are undoubtedly likely by both equi-probable spatial sampling and random sampling representative of all land uses.     

固定床三维电极反应器深度处理炼油废水

以不锈钢板为阴阳主电极,以柱状活性炭为感应粒子电极,构建固定床三维电极反应器, 并用其深度处理炼油废水。考察了施加电压、水力停留时间、废水pH和曝气量对COD去除效果的影响。实验结果表明,在施加电压10 V、水力停留时间60 min、废水pH=7.0、曝气量120 L/h的优化工艺条件下,处理后出水的COD=27.1 mg/L,满足“超滤—反渗透”单元对进水COD的要求（COD<30.0 mg/L）。     

New rig on the block: spatial policy discourse and the new suburban geography of energy production on Colorado's Front Range

ABSTRACT

Drawing from the Critical Discourse Analysis and Cultural Sociology of Space frameworks, this empirical analysis explores the discursive struggle between stakeholders of divergent viewpoints as they respond to the newfound spatial proximity of oil and gas extraction to homes and schools in suburban residential areas on Colorado's northern Front Range. Through an analysis of media, policy-making, and neighborhood meeting discourse, this study examines the social construction of space through policy narratives and regional debates about the American West's relationship to extractive industries. Results reveal that the discursive struggle over suburban drilling hinges upon the question of whether industrial activities belong in residential areas and is carried out through competing policy narratives that invoke differing (spatial versus aspatial) policy solutions. The deliberative quality of these policy narratives is constrained by existing spatial policy practices and further constrains democratic engagement.     

曝气对水平潜流人工湿地水力特性的影响

通过构建曝气及未曝气潜流人工湿地小试实验系统,以NaCl为示踪剂开展示踪实验,研究曝气对人工湿地水力特性的影响。实验结果表明,两对比系统均存在不同程度的短流及死区现象,短流主要发生在床体表层,而死区则存在于床体底层。其中未曝气人工湿地系统的流场分布不均匀现象较为严重,示踪剂滞留在床体底层难以回收,系统水力效率较低(0.56)。比较而言,由于气流对水体的扰动作用,曝气对人工湿地系统水力效率有明显改善作用,减缓了床体表层水流速度,提高了示踪剂回收率,缩小了死区的范围,曝气人工湿地系统的水力效率为0.75。     

水力负荷和回流比对前置反硝化BAF系统处理玉米青贮液的影响

采用前置反硝化BAF系统处理玉米青贮液,在前期实验的基础上重点考察了水力负荷和回流比对COD、NH3-N、TN的去除效果。结果表明,前置反硝化BAF系统处理玉米青贮渗出液有着良好的除碳脱氮效果;在气水比为2：1、水力负荷2．60m3／（m2·h）、回流比为300％的条件下COD、NH3-N、TN的去除率分别达到89．6％、84．5％和81．3％;出水浓度分别为22．36、16．28和22．81mg／L;水力负荷影响着系统内生物膜的更新速度、生物膜的厚度以及水的剪切力大小;回流比对该系统脱氮性能有着重要影响,当回流比从50％提高到300％时TN去除率显著提高,从42．3％增加到81．3％,增加了39．0％。     

基于Fluent的闭合环型缺氧反应器构造优化

为提高闭合环型缺氧反应器混合效果,选用基于Fluent软件的三维RNG k-ε紊流数学模型对闭合环型缺氧反应器进行流场模拟,以池底可能淤积面积比例作为混合效果的评价标准,分别从导流直墙长度、导流墙偏心距离及水下推进器偏置等3个方面对缺氧池的系统构造的最优设置进行研究。结果显示,在相同推进器功率下,导流直墙长度2.0 m为佳,导流墙偏心距离0.5 m为佳,推进器向内偏置0.5 m为佳。该研究方法及其结果可以作为闭合环型缺氧反应器的设计依据,具有较佳的技术参考价值。