渗透系数级差对污染物在低渗透透镜体中的迁移影响研究

利用二维模拟槽研究非均质含水层中渗透系数级差对低渗透透镜体内污染物迁移的影响,确定不同渗透系数级差下污染物在透镜体中的波及效率和去除效率,建立低渗透透镜体内波及/去除效率、入渗/反冲时间和渗透系数级差三者之间的定量关系.结果表明：在污染过程中,污染物的迁移速度随渗透系数级差的增大而减小;在0.5m/d的地下水流速下,当渗透系数级差从3增大至52时,污染物波及效率达到100%所需要的时间从8h上升至360h;污染物的波及效率Z与入渗时间t成正相关关系与渗透系数级差K_mn呈负相关关系,其函数关系为Z=（109.623/K_mn²+1.035/K_mn+0.447）t.在模拟抽出处理的过程中,污染物的去除速度随渗透系数级差的增大而减小;当渗透系数级差从3增大至52时,污染物的去除效率达到100%所需的时间从13h升高至480h;污染物在透镜体中的去除效率Z'与反冲时间t和渗透系数级差K_mn的函数关系为Z'=（54.999/K_mn²+6.605/K_mn+0.098）t.对比两个过程可发现,污染物在非均质含水层中的污染和修复过程在时间方面呈现出不可逆性.随着渗透系数级差的增大,污染和去除过程中低渗透透镜体内波及/去除效率达100%的时间差值从5h逐渐增大至120h,"拖尾"效应越来越明显.     

多级土壤渗漏系统处理农村生活污水

构建了多级土壤渗漏系统（MSL）以处理农村生活污水,主要研究了MSL的挂膜启动特征,进水水力负荷对MSL处理生活污水性能的影响,以及MSL运行过程中生物膜的特征.实验结果表明,采用连续进水的方式挂膜28d后,挂膜成功,MSL对生活污水中COD,氨氮,TN,TP的去除率分别达到84.5%,74.7%,66.7%,76.4%.MSL运行过程中,表现出对进水水力负荷变化较强的适应性,水力负荷为400L/（m²·d）时,生活污水中COD,氨氮,TN,TP的平均去除率分别达到93.4%,94.9%,80.4%,94.7%,系统出水水质能够满足城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准（GB18918-2002）一级A标准.MSL对有机物和氮磷的去除途径结果表明,微生物降解和转化作用对污水中COD,氨氮,TN的去除贡献率最大,Fe³⁺与PO₄^3-的化学沉淀作用则是TP去除的主要途径.实时荧光定量PCR技术检测结果显示,生物膜中硝化功能菌占总菌群的35.5%.     

某型飞机液压泵安装座螺栓断裂失效分析

目的探究某型飞机液压泵安装座固定螺栓断裂原因。方法通过观察多组螺栓的断口形貌,以及对其进行力学性能测试和材料组织分析。结果螺栓断口边缘无明显的腐蚀氧化特征,有较为明显的氢脆断裂断面特征,螺栓的硬度均超过标准,并未发现有害的夹杂物和磷化物。结论螺栓在制造时可能存在缺陷,硬度超标和除氢不完全是造成断裂的主要原因。并根据分析结果对生产商提出相关建议和检查方向。     

Some engineering aspects of homoionized mixed clay minerals

Many studies have been conducted to investigate thephysicochemical behavior of pure clay minerals and predicttheir engineering performance in the field. In this study, thephysicochemical properties of an artificial mixture of differentclay minerals namely, 40-50% montmorillonite, 20-30% illite and 10-15% kaolin were investigated. The mixture was homoionized with sodium, Na⁺; calcium, Ca²⁺; andaluminum, Al³⁺. The engineering properties studied wereconsistency limits, sediment volume, compressibility behavior,and hydraulic conductivity. The results revealed that theliquid, plastic and shrinkage limits of soil increased withincreasing cation valence. The hydraulic conductivity of thesoil also increased with an increase in the valence of thecation at any given void ratio. Aluminum and sodium treatedclays had the highest and the lowest modified compressionindex values, respectively. Furthermore, trivalent cationsaturated clayey soil consolidates three times faster thanthat of monovalent and two times faster than that of divalent.These properties of the soils determined were, in general,similar to those of kaolinite rather than those ofmontmorillonite. The comparison of the results obtained withthe published data in the literature revealed that thephysicochemical behavior of the tested clay soil was, ingeneral, similar to that of kaolinite.     

降雨入渗对三峡库区堆积层滑坡稳定性的影响

基于三峡水库库水位调控方案和极端降雨情况,笔者利用有限元模拟库水位在175~145m波动和降雨时红石包滑坡Ⅲ的暂态渗流场,将计算得到的暂态孔隙水压力分布用于滑坡的极限平衡分析,并考虑基吸力对非饱和土抗剪强度的影响。探讨降雨强度对滑坡稳定性的影响,并考虑暴雨与库水位骤降共同作用下滑坡的稳定性。研究表明:滑坡稳定性的影响受控于滑坡土的入渗能力和滑坡结构形态;当暴雨强度为300mm/d时,红石包滑坡Ⅲ的临界降速1m/d。其成果将为库区滑坡治理提供科学依据。     

西气东输工程湿陷性黄土塬坡地生态型水工保护研究

西气东输工程靖边-临汾段的黄土地区地形破碎,黄土以粉粒为主,结构疏松,黄土易于完全崩解,浸水后粒状架空结构体系迅速崩解,其抗冲蚀能力极差。本地区降水多为暴雨,强降雨形成的洪水来势猛、历时短,导致黄土塬坡地受水力侵蚀强烈且集中。工程项目区的生态环境脆弱,一旦植被遭到破坏,就可能造成生态系统的破坏。根据西气东输工程和区域的实际情况,进行了生态型水工保护工艺的现场试验研究。试验结果表明,该工艺完全可以达到传统水工保护工艺对黄土塬坡地处理所能达到的强度及效果,并且在管线及水工保护施工完成后将使生态基本得到恢复。     

震后特殊供水状态下的供水管网水力分析

供水管网的抗震性能,是指供水管网在地震作用下能够满足震后城市特定用水需要(需水量和水压)的能力.在地震作用下,供水管网中的埋地管线破坏位置多隐蔽、分散,加上震后救灾力量的局限和救灾活动的迟滞,难以迅速发现并隔离受轻微和中等震害的管线.另一方面,为了控制震后次生火灾的蔓延,又必须保证主干供水管网持续供水.在震后维修期间,供水管网处于特殊的供水状态--带渗漏供水状态.为了评价城市供水管网的抗震能力,需要进行震后特殊供水状态下供水管网的水力分析.给出了震后带渗漏供水管网的水力分析模型和程序结构,同时以上海市浦东新区供水管网为例,演示了震后供水管网水力分析的应用方法.     

CORRELATION OF SELECTED WELL WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS WITH SOIL AND AQUIFER HYDROLOGIC PROPERTIES1

ABSTRACT: The geographical distribution of well water specific electrical conductivity and nitrate levels in a 932 km² ground water quality study area in the Fresno-Clovis, California, indicated that frequently areas of lower ground water salinity were also areas of relatively greater soil and aquifer permeability. From these observations and certain assumptions we hypothesized that the quality of the well water should be better in areas with permeable soils and geological formations. Correlation and multiple linear regression analysis supported this hypothesis for well water salinity. However, well water nitrate levels were significantly negatively correlated with only the estimated equivalent specific yield of the aquifer system. The multiple R² values of the most significant multiple linear regression models showed that only a fourth to a third of the variability in well water specific electric conductivity and nitrate levels could be ascribed to the effects of the hydrogeological parameters considered with more than 90 percent confidence. This indicates that three-fourths to two-thirds of the variability in ground water salinity and nitrate levels may be related to land use. Thus, there is considerable room for land use management techniques to improve ground water quality and reduce its variability.     

A HYDRAULIC TRANSIENT MODEL OF THE UPPER ST. LAWRENCE RIVER FOR WATER RESOURCES STUDIES1

ABSTRACT: A one-dimensional hydraulic transient model has been designed for water resource studies of Lake Ontario and the Upper St. Lawrence River. The model simulates water surface profiles and flows in the St. Lawrence River between Lake Ontario and the Moses-Saunders Power Dam under both open water and ice-covered conditions. Errors in water surface elevations were found to be less than 0.2 feet during quasi-steady conditions on the river. Comparable errors occurred during the ice-covered conditions. A sensitivity analysis found the model to be most sensitive to the roughness coefficients and the flow through the power dam.     

SATURATED SOIL HYDRAULIC CONDUCTWITY IN LOBLOLLY PINE PLANTATIONS ON DRAINED SITES1

ABSTRACT: Variation of in situ measured saturated hydraulic conductivity (KS) with stand age was examined in drained and intensively managed loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations on very poorly drained Bayboro loam soils. Stand ages studied were 1-year-old and 14-years old. No differences in Ks values were found between the stand ages. In addition, no differences in core measured soil properties were found between the stand ages, indicating that there were no differences in the pore structure of the soil matrix. There was large variation of Ks within stands and between stands within ages. The mean within stand Ks values ranged from 0.66 cm/hr to 4.85 cm/hr. The frequency of tests exhibiting pipe flow through large non-capillary voids was significantly greater in the older stands; however, the continuity of the voids in the soil, and whether or not non-Darcy type flow would occur in a saturated profile, could not be determined.