Decision Support System for emergency scheduling of raw water supply systems with multiple sources

A hydraulic model-based emergency scheduling Decision Support System (DSS) is designed to eliminate the impact of sudden contamination incidents occurring upstream in raw water supply systems with multiple sources. The DSS consists of four functional modules, including water quality prediction, system safety assessment, emergency strategy inference and scheduling optimization. The work flow of the DSS is as follows. First, the water quality variations on specific cross-sections are calculated given the pollution information. Next, a comprehensive evaluation on the safety of the current system is conducted using the outputs in the first module. This will assist in the assessment of whether the system is in danger of failure, taking both the impact of pollution and system capacity into account. If there is a severe impact of contamination on the reliability of the system, a fuzzy logic based inference module is employed to generate reasonable strategies including technical measures. Otherwise, a Genetic Algorithm (GA)-based optimization model will be used to find the least-cost scheduling plan. The proposed DSS has been applied to a coastal city in South China during a saline tide period as validation. Through scenario analysis, it is demonstrated that this DSS tool is instrumental in emergency scheduling for the water company to quickly and effectively respond to sudden contamination incidents.     

土壤渗滤系统中污染物去除效果分析

在土壤渗滤系统中,水力负荷、有机负荷和碳氮比等因素均对营养盐的处理效率具有显著影响.在实验室控温条件下,分析了不同水力负荷、有机负荷和环境条件对土壤渗滤系统污染物去除效果的影响.结果表明,在水力负荷小于0.15 m3·m^-2·d^-1的条件下,模拟生活污水中CODCr、总氮和总磷去除率分别达到84％、37％和93％以上,土壤（以干土计）亚硝酸盐细菌数量为4.50× 106 g^-1.装置上层产生的滞水对CODCr和磷酸盐的去除影响不大,但是由于处理系统内溶解氧浓度降低,使得氨氮硝化过程受到抑制,氨氮和总氮的处理效果均变差;在通气良好条件下,较高的碳氮比[m（碳）：m（氮）=5：1]对系统中总氮的去除更为有利.     

HRT对一体式PTFE膜生物反应器运行效果的影响

针对垃圾渗滤液高COD、高NH4-N,低生化性的特点,开发UASB/缺氧/好氧-膜生物反应器组合处理工艺.在不同水力停留时间(HRT)下,考察了系统对污染物去除效果及其膜污染特性.结果表明,在不同的HRT条件下,UASB/缺氧/好氧-膜生物反应器组合工艺处理垃圾渗滤液出水水质良好且稳定.出水COD除率随HRT的升高先增加后降低,且HRT为12.8h时达到最大值94.96%;系统对NH4-N的平均去除率随HRT的延长而升高; 膜污染实验结果显示: 较低的HRT条件下意味着膜通量较高,会加剧膜污染进程.通过实验得出结论当HRT=15h时,对膜污染的控制最为有利.对膜进行清洗,并进行扫描电镜分析.分析结果显示凝胶层的形成是膜透水性下降的主要原因.     

水平潜流人工湿地氮磷去除回归方程的建立

为考察水平潜流人工湿地对于生活污水中主要污染物指标TN、TP的去除率,建立更为详细的人工湿地回归方程,用以指导人工湿地设计,按照黑箱模型理论,将搜集的500多组数据按照季节、水力负荷、种植植物类型等分类,分析不同因素对于人工湿地去除效果的影响,确定了以季节和水力负荷作为建立回归方程的最主要分类依据.以此为基础,按照线性回归的方法,建立了TN、TP去除率回归方程共12组,所得的拟合优度R2值在0.65~0.95之间,精确性有了很大提高.     

西辽河流域沙土对磷的吸附行为

采用小型回填式土柱动态吸附试验研究了西辽河流域沙土对磷的吸附行为. 结果表明:沙土对磷的吸附行为符合Freundlich吸附方程和Langmuir吸附方程,且前者更优. 吸附分配系数(k)平均值为31.55,磷饱和吸附量平均值为312.55 mg/kg. 沙土对磷的吸附方式以物理吸附为主,易淋失,仍存在一定的环境风险. 固定沙土中的微团聚体因存在以孔隙填充方式的磷吸附,所以其对磷的吸附能力最强,磷淋失的环境风险最小;而流动沙土对磷的吸附能力最弱,磷淋失的环境风险最大. 农田和林地沙土对磷的吸附能力最强,磷淋失的环境风险最小,是沙土的最佳利用方式. 沙土对磷的吸附分配系数及饱和吸附量与土壤w(粗黏粒),w(黏粒)和w(有机质)呈极显著正相关.      

Modelling the propagation of an internal solitary wave across double ridges and a shelf-slope

Evolution of the internal solitary waves (ISWs) in the northern South China Sea (SCS) has recently attracted the attention of many oceanographers in Taiwan and the United States. These ISWs are believed to have been induced by a branch of the Kuroshio current over Luzon Strait, which propagates westward over two ridges in the Luzon Strait between Taiwan and the Philippines, and further onto the continental margin with a shelf-slope in the SCS. This paper presents some preliminary results for the evolution of a depression ISW across two triangular obstacles using numerical modelling and laboratory experiments. The experimental results confirm that the intervals and relative height between the two obstacles are important factors in the interaction of an ISW with the obstacles. However, in the case of the movement of an ISW of depression-type across the Luzon Strait, the effect of the two ridges on the characteristics of the ISW might be less significant than that from the shelf-slope, due to the variations in relative water depth. Results from numerical experiments also show that the amplitude of an ISW can be augmented once the wave commences its contact with a shelf-slope, where an internal hydraulic jump and wave breaking with vortex motion are evident in the laboratory experiments. Eventually, an ISW of depression-type could become an elevation-type at the edge of the continental shelf landwards beyond the turning point, where the upper layer is larger than the bottom layer in a stratified water column.     

MBBR工艺中不同曝气方式充氧效率的比较及工程应用

通过设定不同的进水方式、曝气量、悬浮填料投加比,对比研究了MBBR工艺中三种曝气方式——均匀曝气、渐进曝气、单侧曝气的充氧效率,并且运用Matlab软件,采用非线性回归法计算测试条件下的饱和溶解氧浓度Cs和氧总传质系数KLα。得出:投加悬浮填料能明显提升原有曝气方式的充氧效率,但首先须保证填料在水中有一定活动强度,否则反会降低充氧效率;均匀曝气本身的充氧效率最佳,不过由于需要更大的气容比来带动填料运动,运行成本高于另外两种方式。     

梯级河滩湿地模型对受污染河水氮磷和CODCr的净化效果

在贾鲁河畔构建3组并联的梯级河滩湿地模型,引种9种不同类型的湿地植物进行筛选试验,将湿地模型串联运行比较研究3种不同植物配置的梯级湿地对受污染河水的净化效果,在此基础上设定12h和24h等两组不同水力滞留时间,研究延长滞留时间对水质净化效果的影响。试验结果表明：对氮磷和有机物的去除效果挺水植物明显好于沉水植物,其中茭草（Zizania caduciflora）、荆三棱（Scirpus fluviatilis）和狭叶香蒲（Typha angustifolia）去除效果最好;沉水植物和挺水植物对氨氮的去除表现好于浮叶植物;延长水力滞留时间对改善水质净化效果明显,滞留时间由12h延长到24h后,TN、TP、氨氮和CODCr去除率分别提高10.2%、21.7%、30.2%和12.9%,对氨氮的净化效果改善最为明显;挺水植物＋沉水植物＋浮叶植物组合较单纯挺水植物组合在对氨氮和TN去除效果方面表现出较明显的优势,主要是由于不同类型湿地植物所营造的好氧、厌氧环境提高了对氨氮和TN去除效果。研究结果证明在湿地植被组建中,根据进水水质,应灵活选择植物种类,进行合理的植物配置,可提高湿地的净化效果。     

北京地区表层土中饱和烃组成特征及成因分析

根据北京地区不同环境功能区62个样品检测结果,分析了研究区表层土壤中饱和烃类化合物的化学组成及其分布特征,并对其来源进行了讨论。结果表明：（1）北京地区表层土壤中分布有多种类型的烃类污染物,已检测到的饱和烃化合物主要包括正构烷烃、无环类异戊间二烯烷烃、单甲基取代支链烷烃（异构与反异构烷烃）、烷基环己烷和甾、萜烷类等系列化合物中的数百种单体化合物;（2）不同环境功能区,同一地区土地使用情况不同或周围环境不同的土壤样品中饱和烃的质量分数和组成特征均存在较大的差别,其中正构烷烃的质量分数为0.25~4.72μg.g-1;（3）随着距离城中心的距离减小,表土中饱和烃质量分数增高,南部地区饱和烃的质量分数高于北部地区;（4）表层土壤中饱和烃的来源比较复杂,主要来自于化石燃料及木材的不完全燃烧产物,部分地区有少量矿物油及其衍生物的输入。     

A simple and convenient empirical survey method with a soil electrical conductivity meter for incineration residue-derived soil contamination

To facilitate field surveys for identifying areas of incineration residue-derived soil contamination, a simple and convenient method with a soil electrical conductivity meter was examined. First, the leaching test specified by Notification No. 13 of the Ministry of the Environment, 1973, was conducted on 506 samples of 11 types of wastes and compost, and the relationship between the concentrations of toxic elements [total Hg (T-Hg), Cd, Pb, Cr⁶⁺, and As] and values of electrical conductivity (EC) was examined. The results showed that bottom ash and fly ash were wastes with high EC values and that these wastes indicated higher levels of toxic elements. Second, an estimation method for the soil EC value of contaminated soil (ECc) was proposed based on the EC values of noncontaminated soil, and its usefulness was examined. The results of field surveys conducted at sites whose soils were suspected of contamination by dioxins and other pollutants derived from incineration residues showed that the contaminated spots and areas were identified by using ECc values. Moreover, comparison of the elemental contents of soils in terms of Cr, Ni, Zn, Na, K, Ca, Fe, Mn, and others, in addition to the above-mentioned toxic elements (excluding Cr⁶⁺), with those of the potential sources of pollution was verified to be effective for identifying the source of soil contamination.