基于熵权的改进密切值法在地面水水质评价中的应用

为了简化传统密切值法运算,更能全面客观地反映出各样本的优劣情况,尝试采用目标差值率法进行初始矩阵的规范化处理,引入熵权法确定各评价指标的权重,对传统密切值法进行了改进.通过将两种不同密切值法对某区域水体水质的评价结果进行对比表明: 两种密切值法评价水质得出了一致的水质优劣排序,但改进后的密切值法可以有效地消除各评价指标在量纲、数量级及指标优劣等方面的差异,计算更简便; 改进后的密切值法利用熵权法确定各评价指标的权重,更客观; 改进后的密切值法评价结果中各样本的差异性放大了,对比更为明显.     

The Role of Disaggregation of Asset Values in Flood Loss Estimation: A Comparison of Different Modeling Approaches at the Mulde River,Germany

In loss estimation there is a spatial mismatch of hazard data that are commonly modeled on an explicit raster level and exposure data that are often available only for aggregated administrative units. Usually disaggregation methods that use ancillary information to distribute lumped exposure data in a finer spatial resolution help to bridge this gap. However, the actual influence of different mapping techniques and ancillary data on the final loss estimation has not been analyzed yet. In this paper three methods are applied to disaggregate residential building assets using two kinds of land use/land cover (LULC) data. The resulting disaggregated assets are validated and compared using census data of the residential building number on the community and constituency level. In addition, the disaggregated assets are taken to estimate residential building losses due to the flood in August 2002 in 21 municipalities on the River Mulde in Saxony, Germany. Losses are calculated with the help of four loss models. In general, disaggregation helps to decrease the error variance within the loss estimation. It must, however, be stated that the application of sophisticated disaggregation methods does not lead to significant improvements compared to the straightforward binary method. Therefore more effort should instead be put into the provision of high-resolution LULC data. Finally, the remaining uncertainties in loss estimation are high and demand further improvements in all modeling aspects.     

冷却水缓蚀阻垢剂的绿色化研究进展

简要介绍了工业循环冷却水缓蚀阻垢剂的发展概况 ,阐述了低磷聚合物及新型无磷缓蚀阻垢剂的研究现状 ,并指出了今后的发展方向。     

郑州市大气氨排放清单及驱动力分析

采用排放因子法建立郑州市分县区2017年大气氨排放清单,并实现1 km×1 km空间网格分配,同时进行2007～2017年氨排放趋势及1989～2017年氨排放驱动力相关性分析.结果表明,郑州市2017年氨排放量为18 143.3 t,排放强度为2.4t·km^-2,农业源为主要排放源(63.4%),逸散源次之(11.3%);农业源中畜禽养殖氨排放主要来自蛋禽、肉猪和奶牛养殖;排放量前三的区县为登封市、荥阳市和新密市,分别占总量的19.3%、16.5%和15.6%;空间上郑州市南部及中西部地区排放量较高,东北部地区排放量较小; 2007～2017年各区县氨排放整体呈下降趋势,1989～2017年郑州市氨排放呈类似环境库兹涅茨曲线趋势,即氨排放整体上随着人均GDP和城镇化率上升而先增加再下降.     

大空间建筑烟气填充研究方法的对比

为了对大空间建筑烟气填充研究方法进行对比分析。以一个废弃的大空间仓库为研究对象,采用了全尺寸火灾实验、计算机数值模拟和理论分析相互应用验证的研究方法,研究理论及数值模拟两种火灾烟气层高度的描述方法的准确性。结果表明当采用t2火模型时,在与现实的吻合程度方面,数值模拟〉Zukoski理论模型〉Yamana-Tanaka理论模型;随着火灾的不断发展,相对误差逐渐增大。通过对比分析发现,全尺寸实验、理论模型和数值模拟三种方法相互验证可以更好地保证研究的准确性;总结得到了两种与现实较吻合的描述烟气层高度的理论方法,并且提出减小误差应注意的几点事项,包括尽可能提高火源热释放速率、烟气层温度描述的准确性;不考虑火源热量通过建筑边界结构散失等。     

覆盖型岩溶塌陷动态演化数值模型研究

预测不同水动力环境下岩溶覆盖层土洞发育规模和极限规模尺寸对于评价覆盖层稳定性意义重大.以武汉市烽火村覆盖型岩溶塌陷为实例,利用弹塑性理论和变饱和渗流理论建立了渗流-应力单向耦合控制方程,结合土洞剥蚀判据提出覆盖型岩溶塌陷动态演化数值模型,并以此模型预测在不同孔隙水位与岩溶水位之差△H水动力环境下覆盖层中潜在土洞的发育规...     

基于尺寸效应的采空区危险度RS-TOPSIS法辨识

为准确预测地下采空区危险性,选用采空区结构的跨度、暴露面积、高度、埋深、矿柱尺寸布置等5个采空区危险度结构尺寸影响因素作为评价指标,建立采空区危险度粗糙集-逼近理想解排序法(RS-TOPSIS)综合评价体系。基于粗糙集理论(RS)中的粗糙依赖度,通过计算评价指标与评价等级间的粗糙依赖度得到指标权重。以40个采空区探测系统(CMS)实测采空区作为评价对象,根据单指标分类区间下限构造5个不同等级的典型采空区,结合逼近理想解的排序法(TOPSIS),实现采空区危险度5级贴近度的分类,并辨识实测采空区危险度。研究结果表明,用为采空区群矿山建立的采空区危险度基于结构尺寸效应的RS-TOPSIS法,能够实现危险度5级分类辨识,辨识结果与采空区危险度数值分析结果吻合度为92.5%。     

Impact of leakage location and downwind storage tank on the gas dispersion in a typical chemical tank storage area

Toxic gas leakage in a tank area can have catastrophic consequences. Storage tank leakage location (particularly for high leakage) and downwind storage tanks potentially influence gas diffusion in tank areas. In this study, we developed a numerical and experimental method to investigate the impact of a high leakage location and downwind storage tank on gas diffusion based on three (1.05H, 0.90H, and 0.77H, H was the tank height, 22m) leakage field experiments on the leeward side of storage tank, which have been not conducted before. The experiments revealed an unexpected phenomenon: the maximum ground concentration first decreased and then increased with increasing leakage height. The simulations illustrated that the differences in micrometeorological conditions caused the maximum ground concentration of gas emitted from the roof to be higher than that emitted from the tank wall near the storage tank height. The downwind storage tank 1) had little influence on the entire diffusion direction but altered the local diffusion pattern; 2) reduced the maximum ground concentration (∼18.7%) and the distance from the emission source (approximately a storage tank diameter); and 3) had strong influences on the concentration, velocity, turbulence, and pressure on the leeward side. The concentration negatively correlated with the velocity, pressure, and turbulence in the middle of the two storage tanks on wind centerline. Our results can improve understanding of gas dispersion in tank areas and provide references for mitigating loss and protecting lives during emergency response processes.     

台风湍流积分尺度与脉动风速谱——基于实测数据的分析

基于4个台风过程中的长时间序列风速、风方向观测数据，分析研究了近地台风的湍流积分尺度和脉动风速谱等脉动特性。介绍了湍流积分尺度的几种常见的计算方法，基于实测台风数据，分析研究了台风过程中湍流积分尺度的变化以及不同计算方法的稳定性。根据实测数据计算了纵向脉动风速谱，并与Von-Karman谱、Davenport谱、Simiu谱和Harris谱等经验谱进行了比较，给出了最适合描述台风纵向脉动风速谱的经验谱。还计算了横向脉动风速功率谱，并与基于各向同性湍流理论推导出的水平横向脉动风速谱进行了对比。     

梁平县境内高滩河水质的空间分布及其对土地利用方式的响应

以梁平县境内高滩河流域为研究对象,综合应用GIS空间分析、Pearson相关分析和RDA冗余分析方法,研究在子流域尺度上COD、BOD5、氨氮和总磷4种水质要素对土地利用方式的生态响应。结果表明:高滩河流域土地利用类型对水质要素有着重要影响,林地能够改善河道水环境,旱地和城镇村和工矿用地是COD、BOD5和氨氮的主要污染来源,园地、交通运输用地以及水域对污染物的影响较弱,说明农业面源污染和农村居民生活污染是高滩河水质恶化的主要原因。