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101.
Social network theory has made major contributions to our understanding of human social organisation but has found relatively
little application in the field of animal behaviour. In this review, we identify several broad research areas where the networks
approach could greatly enhance our understanding of social patterns and processes in animals. The network theory provides
a quantitative framework that can be used to characterise social structure both at the level of the individual and the population.
These novel quantitative variables may provide a new tool in addressing key questions in behavioural ecology particularly
in relation to the evolution of social organisation and the impact of social structure on evolutionary processes. For example,
network measures could be used to compare social networks of different species or populations making full use of the comparative
approach. However, the networks approach can in principle go beyond identifying structural patterns and also can help with
the understanding of processes within animal populations such as disease transmission and information transfer. Finally, understanding
the pattern of interactions in the network (i.e. who is connected to whom) can also shed some light on the evolution of behavioural
strategies. 相似文献
102.
Shinnosuke Nakayama Reiji Masuda Masaru Tanaka 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,61(9):1383-1390
Grouping behavior has various types of antipredator functions. Some of these functions require social transmission of information,
such as the many-eyes effect, whereas others do not, such as the dilution and confusion effects. Functions of grouping behavior
would enhance with social transmission among group members. We investigated and compared the onsets of schooling behavior
and social transmission of information in chub mackerel Scomber japonicus. Onset of schooling behavior was observed in rearing tanks by calculating the degree of parallel swimming. Onset of social
transmission was examined by using visual cues from conspecifics. A group of five individuals was put in each of three experimental
chambers from which they could see a group of conspecifics in the neighboring chamber. A weak electric stimulus was given
to one of these chambers, and information transfer among individuals was observed. We found that social transmission by visual
cues started on 30 days posthatching (25.1 mm in standard length), which was 2 weeks after the onset of schooling behavior.
The late onset of social transmission relative to schooling behavior might be attributed to different predation pressure with
development, or by underdevelopment of optic tectum, as the volume of the optic tectum did not increase just after the onset
of schooling behavior. 相似文献
103.
三种类型油菜(Brassica spp.)和野芥菜(B. juncea var.gracilis Tsen et Lee)杂交亲和性及F1的适合度--潜在基因转移的研究 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
通过人工去雄授粉,采用荧光显微镜观察了3种类型栽培油菜花粉在两地采集的野芥菜柱头上的萌发生长情况,结合杂交后的结实率,探讨了3种类型油菜和野芥菜杂交的亲和性.结果表明,甘蓝型油菜和芥菜型油菜与野芥菜的亲和性都非常高,亲和性指数达10.0以上,而白菜型油菜和野芥菜的亲和性较低,亲和指数小于0.2.子一代的适合度研究结果表明,芥菜型油菜向野芥菜杂交一代的适合度没有降低,而甘蓝型及白菜型和野芥菜杂交一代的适合度明显下降,表现在花粉活力降低,结实率极低.上述结果表明,白菜型油菜和野芥菜的基因转移可能性最小,甘蓝型居中,而芥菜型极易向野芥菜发生基因转移. 相似文献
104.
城市大气污染综合治理规划方法 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
以北京市2008年三种主要大气污染物PM10、SO2及NOx环境空气质量达标方案的设计为案例,从城市大气污染综合治理规划方法学角度,提出并发展了一套包括环境空气质量的模拟、城市背景浓度的确定、优化模型、传输矩阵、分区规划、等效排放、措施信息库等方法在内的城市大气污染综合治理规划问题的整体解决的技术方案,为全国其它类似城市进行大气污染综合治理规划提供一种实例与参考,同时,研究的结果对北京市2008年大气污染控制对策的制定提供了科学的依据。 相似文献
105.
In this study numerical methods are used to investigate the relationship between chemical concentration of gas species within a cavitating bubble, equilibrium radius of the gas bubble and pressure variations in the ambient liquid. For this purpose, governing equations are developed to describe the dynamic equilibrium of a bubble in a flowing fluid and mass transfer between gas and liquid phases, where it was assumed that gases undergo isothermal compression, obey the ideal gas law, Henry law. It is further assumed that the concentration of each phase within the bubble is uniform. The resulting nonlinear equations are solved using implicit Trapezoidal method with Newton iteration. Four gas species are modeled under various initial and ambient pressure variation conditions. These conditions maybe considered to represent typical cavitation events. The numerical results obtained are presented in terms of dimensionless numbers. These results indicate that chemical damage maybe an important component of cavitation surface damage, since high concentration profiles may develop within a collapsing bubble. Proposed formulation and numerical solutions are simple and cost effective to implement. The results presented in this study maybe used to benchmark experimental investigations or other more complex solutions, which are outside the scope of this study. 相似文献
106.
107.
108.
Neeper DA 《Journal of contaminant hydrology》2001,48(3-4):237-252
A simple algebraic model is proposed to estimate the transport of a volatile or soluble chemical caused by oscillatory flow of fluid in a porous medium. The model is applied to the barometric pumping of vapors in the vadose zone, and to the transport of dissolved species by earth tides in an aquifer. In the model, the fluid moves sinusoidally with time in the porosity of the soil. The chemical concentration in the mobile fluid is considered to equilibrate with the concentration in the surrounding matrix according to a characteristic time governed by diffusion, sorption, or other rate processes. The model provides a closed form solution, to which barometric pressure data are applied in an example of pore gas motion in the vadose zone. The model predicts that the additional diffusivity due barometric pumping in an unfractured vadose zone would be comparable to the diffusivity in stagnant pore gas if the equilibration time is 1 day or longer. Water motion due to the M2 lunar tide is examined as an example of oscillatory transport in an aquifer. It is shown that the tidal motion of the water in an aquifer might significantly increase the vertical diffusivity of dissolved species when compared to diffusion in an absolutely stagnant aquifer, but the hydrodynamic dispersivity due to tidal motion or gravitational flow would probably exceed the diffusivity due to oscillatory advection. 相似文献
109.
In FRG and other countries unequivocal criteria for the limitation of dioxins (PCDD's/PCDF's) in food like vegetables and fruits are lacking. These have to be directly associated with the limitation of dioxins in the soil and the deposition of particulate matter as the two main pathways for plant contamination. Based on recent investigations in the vicinity of cable-waste incinerators in Northrhine-Westphalia with comparatively high contents of dioxins in garden plants and soils and other sources of dioxins, considerations are given for the establishment of the criteria urgently needed. 相似文献
110.
投加颗粒活性炭强化餐厨垃圾的厌氧处理 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
通过投加颗粒活性炭(GAC)强化直接种间电子传递(DIET)进而提升餐厨垃圾的厌氧产甲烷处理效能,并研究了GAC投加导致的微生物群落变化.研究发现,投加了GAC的实验组反应器能够在更高的有机负荷下(10.4kgCOD/(m3·d))稳定运行并维持较高的甲烷产率,不投加GAC的对照组在有机负荷7.8kgCOD/(m3·d)时甲烷产率及pH值均明显降低,挥发酸大量积累,反应器酸化崩溃.微生物群落结构分析发现,GAC表面富集了大量可以胞外电子传递的细菌(占细菌丰度的34%)和可以参与DIET的产甲烷菌(占古菌丰度的88%),表明GAC的加入可以有效富集这两类微生物的生长,并可能通过GAC强化DIET促进了餐厨垃圾的厌氧消化. 相似文献