转盘式光催化燃料电池处理染料废水

采用阳极氧化法制备转盘式TiO_2阳极,设计并开发了转盘式光催化燃料电池(PFC),探讨了圆盘转速对PFC中染料降解效果的影响。实验结果表明:随着圆盘转速的提高,污染物和光电界面反应产物的传质作用得以强化,罗丹明B降解率提高;在圆盘转速为1 600 r/min、反应时间为60 min的条件下,罗丹明B降解率达90.8%,是圆盘转速为0 r/min时的8.5倍;光电流也随着圆盘转速的提高而提高,但提高幅度远小于罗丹明B降解率的提高幅度;同时,加强传质作用后再外加电压对PFC催化降解性能的提高作用有限。     

Dual-reaction-center catalytic process continues Fenton’s story

• Dual-reaction-center (DRC) system breaks through bottleneck of Fenton reaction. • Utilization of intrinsic electrons of pollutants is realized in DRC system. • DRC catalytic process well continues Fenton’s story. Triggered by global water quality safety issues, the research on wastewater treatment and water purification technology has been greatly developed in recent years. The Fenton technology is particularly powerful due to the rapid attack on pollutants by the generated hydroxyl radicals (•OH). However, both heterogeneous and homogeneous Fenton/Fenton-like technologies follow the classical reaction mechanism, which depends on the oxidation and reduction of the transition metal ions at single sites. So even after a century of development, this reaction still suffers from its inherent bottlenecks in practical application. In recent years, our group has been focusing on studying a novel heterogeneous Fenton catalytic process, and we developed the dual-reaction-center (DRC) system for the first time. In the DRC system, H₂O₂ and O₂ can be efficiently reduced to reactive oxygen species (ROS) in electron-rich centers, while pollutants are captured and oxidized by the electron-deficient centers. The obtained electrons from pollutants are diverted to the electron-rich centers through bonding bridges. This process breaks through the classic Fenton mechanism, and improves the performance and efficiency of pollutant removal in a wide pH range. Here, we provide a brief overview of Fenton’s story and focus on combing the discovery and development of the DRC technology and mechanism in recent years. The construction of the DRC and its performance in the pollutant degradation and interfacial reaction process are described in detail. We look forward to bringing a new perspective to continue Fenton’s story through research and development of DRC technology.     

Differences in U root-to-shoot translocation between plant species explained by U distribution in roots

Accumulation and distribution of uranium in roots and shoots of four plants species differing in their cation exchange capacity of roots (CECR) was investigated. After exposure in hydroponics for seven days to 100 μmol U L⁻¹, distribution of uranium in roots was investigated through chemical extraction of roots. Higher U concentrations were measured in roots of dicots which showed a higher CECR than monocot species. Chemical extractions indicated that uranium is mostly located in the apoplasm of roots of monocots but that it is predominantly located in the symplasm of roots of dicots. Translocation of U to shoot was not significantly affected by the CECR or distribution of U between symplasm and apoplasm. Distribution of uranium in roots was investigated through chemical extraction of roots for all species. Additionally, longitudinal and radial distribution of U in roots of maize and Indian mustard, respectively showing the lowest and the highest translocation, was studied following X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis of specific root sections. Chemical analysis and XRF analysis of roots of maize and Indian mustard clearly indicated a higher longitudinal and radial transport of uranium in roots of Indian mustard than in roots of maize, where uranium mostly accumulated in root tips. These results showed that even if CECR could partly explain U accumulation in roots, other mechanisms like radial and longitudinal transport are implied in the translocation of U to the shoot.     

我国社会保险关系转移和接续问题研究

劳动力要素的自由流动对我国市场经济体制的完善无疑有着极其重要的作用。比如可以提高要素的配置效率、加快城市化建设等作用。在现实中,我国劳动力要素的自由流动不但受到除户籍制度、劳动关系等客观社会基本关系的制约,还受到社会保险关系的制约,各地频繁出现的"退保"等现象,就说明社会保险关系转移和接续难。劳动力在不同地区很难实现自由流动,势必产生了不良的后果.直接损害了劳动者的权益,也影响了社会保险制度的完善。不完善的社会保险制度更加加剧社会的不公平,在构建和谐社会的今天,社会保险关系的顺利衔接无疑更有紧迫性和必要性。本文在了解我国目前劳动力的社会保险关系转移的现状的基础上,运用制度经济学和管理学的相关理论,较为深入地分析了社会保险关系正常流动难的原因,如统筹层次低、转轨成本的未完全消化等原因,并提出了相应的对策、建议。     

冷轧钢板生产环评中的铬元素迁移转化及铬平衡实例分析

分析了轧钢过程中铬元素的迁移转化规律,以实例进行了铬平衡的分析计算,用以把握主要的污染工序,并提出减轻污染的防治对策。     

The South‐to‐North Water Transfer Project of China: Environmental Implications and Monitoring Strategy1

Abstract: In 2002, China launched the South‐to‐North Water Transfer Project after completing a 50‐year feasibility study. By 2050, the three‐route (i.e., East, Middle, and West) project will be capable of transferring 44.8 billion m³/year of water from the water rich Yangtze River to the arid north to alleviate water shortage and help secure a balanced social and economic development across the nation. However, diversion of such a large quantity of water could profoundly change the riverine environment of the upper Yellow River and the lower reach of the Han River, a tributary of the Yangtze River and the water supplying area of the project’s Middle Route, because of changes in the annual discharge. Secondary salinization seems inevitable in the water receiving areas of the North China Plain, and decrease in the discharge of the Yangtze River will result in seawater intrusion into the Yangtze Delta. This paper describes the project and discusses its environmental implications. Additionally, a long‐term monitoring strategy under the umbrella of the Chinese Ecological Research Network is proposed for environmental monitoring.     

Snow-cover environmental monitoring and assessment in Northeast China using passive microwave emission models

In this study, we present the application of the passive microwave emission models to snow-cover environment monitoring and assessment in Northeast China. The study employs the radiative transfer function and strong fluctuation theory to develop the models. We used the exponential form of a spherical symmetric correlation function to describe random permittivity fluctuations. From strong fluctuation, we then obtained the phase matrix and extinction coefficients of snow-packs for the spherical symmetric correlation function. We also used the vector radiative transfer formula for the layer of a random medium by solving Gaussian quadrature and eigen analysis. By comparing the brightness temperatures at 5, 10.7, 18, and 37 GHz, the modelling results agreed with experimental data of dry-snow physical parameters as measured in the fieldwork.     

臭氧二级传递标准量值传递技术

臭氧(O_3)二级传递标准对O_3三级传递标准进行量值传递,开展了对分析类型、发生类型等不同类型O_3三级传递标准的量值传递实验。分析类型O_3三级传递标准6组校准斜率的相对标准偏差Sm为0.19%、截距的标准偏差SI为0.25 nmol/mol;发生类型O_3三级传递标准6组校准的Sm为0.67%、SI为0.20 nmol/mol,均符合美国环保局O_3二级传递标准量值传递的评价指标:6组多点校准斜率的相对标准偏差Sm≤3.7%,截距的标准偏差SI≤1.5 nmol/mol。进一步对分析类型、发生类型O_3三级传递标准分别进行了6个月的量值传递时间稳定性考察,O_3三级传递标准新的斜率与最近6组斜率均值的比值为0.965~1.037,且新计算的斜率的相对标准偏差Sm为0.37%~1.87%,截距的标准偏差SI为0.20~0.52 nmol/mol,均符合美国环保局量值传递评价指标的要求,建议至少每6个月采用O_3二级传递标准开展一次量值传递。     

厌氧折流板调节池预处理垃圾转运站压滤液的中试研究

建立了中试规模的厌氧折流板调节池,用于转运站垃圾压滤液的现场预处理。转运站垃圾压滤液具有高有机污染物浓度、水质变化剧烈和pH值较低等特点,当进水COD浓度为50 000 mg/L～80 000 mg/L,厌氧折流板反应器能稳定实现出水COD=25 000 mg/L左右,总氮去除率30%～40%,总磷去除率70%,抗冲击能力和低pH值进水运行稳定性良好。厌氧折流板调节池发生酸化后,综合采用了多种措施加以调控。     

Dissolution kinetics of sub-millimeter Composition B detonation residues: role of particle size and particle wetting

The dissolution of the 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) from microscale particles (<250 μm) of the explosive formulation Composition B was examined and compared to dissolution from macroscopic particles (>0.5 mm). The dissolution of explosives from detonation soot was also examined. The measured mass transfer coefficients for the microscale particles were one to two orders of magnitude greater than the macroscopic particles. When normalized to particle surface area, mass transfer coefficients of microscale and macroscale particles were similar, indicating that the bulk dissolution processes were similar throughout the examined size range. However, an inverse relationship was observed between the particle diameter and the RDX:TNT mass transfer rate coefficient ratio for dry-attritted particles, which suggests that RDX may be more readily dissolved (relative to TNT) in microscale particles compared to macroscale particles. Aqueous weathering of larger Composition B residues generated particles that possessed mass transfer coefficients that were on the order of 5- to 20-fold higher than dry-attritted particles of all sizes, even when normalized to particle surface area. These aqueous weathered particles also possessed a fourfold lower absolute zeta-potential than dry-attritted particles, which is indicative that they were less hydrophobic (and hence, more wettable) than dry-attritted particles. The increased wettability of these particles provides a plausible explanation for the observed enhanced dissolution. The wetting history and the processes by which particles are produced (e.g., dry physical attrition vs. aqueous weathering) of Composition B residues should be considered when calculating mass transfer rates for fate and transport modeling.