南京城区夏季大气VOCs的来源及对SOA的生成研究——以亚青和青奥期间为例

运用大气挥发性有机物快速在线连续自动监测系统,于2013年和2014年的8月对南京市区大气中VOCs进行观测,结果表明,VOCs的浓度分别为51.73×10^-9和77.47×10^-9.利用OH消耗速率（L^OH）有效评估VOCs的大气化学反应活性.烯烃和芳香烃是这2年夏季南京市大气VOCs中对L^OH贡献最大的关键活性组分.用FAC法估算南京SOA生成潜势,得到2013和2014年夏季SOA浓度分别为1.95μg/m³和1.01μg/m³;烷烃和芳香烃对SOA的生成潜势分别占4.01%、94.8%和4.46%、94.57%.用PMF模型对南京VOCs进行来源解析,结果表明,2013年夏季南京大气VOCs的最大来源为燃料挥发（22.7%）、其次为天然气和液化石油气泄漏（19.5%）、石油化工业（13.5%）、汽车尾气排放（17.7%）、天然源排放（13.4%）和涂料/溶剂的使用（13.2%）,而2014年夏季南京大气VOCs的最大来源为天然气和液化石油气泄漏（35.2%）、其次为石油化工业（20.6%）、不完全燃烧（20.5%）、燃料挥发（15.7%）和汽车尾气排放（8.1%）.     

工矿商贸行业较大以上次生衍生事故分析研究

通过对2012~2015年6月全国工矿商贸行业发生的较大以上次生衍生事故行业分布、地域分布、时段分布、空间分布等特征的分析,归纳总结了次生衍生事故发生的规律和特点,根据事故致因理论,对次生衍生事故原因进行了分析,并提出对策措施,为降低工矿商贸次生衍生事故发生率、减少人员伤亡提供理论支撑。     

基于贝叶斯网络的化工园区地震次生灾害情景分析

为了研究化工园区内发生地震灾害后的事故演化过程,利用事故链模型对地震次生灾害演化过程进行分析,并将其转化为贝叶斯网络,确定各节点的变量与状态取值范围;通过相关文献及专家经验判断分析,获得贝叶斯网络中各节点的条件概率;依据贝叶斯网络的推理策略,比较不同地震烈度下,各化工事故发生的后验概率值,并探讨应急救援的及时性对地震次生灾害发生概率的影响,从关键要素遏制化工事故的发生,采取针对性的应对措施,尽可能的降低化工事故,有效的降低人员伤亡及财产损失。     

希瓦氏菌还原作用下黄钾铁矾的相转变特征及其负载铬的迁移转化规律

黄钾铁矾对酸性矿山废水中铬（Cr）等污染物有较好的固定去除作用.微生物活动对黄钾铁矾的稳定性和Cr的迁移转化特性有重要影响.因此,本研究在厌氧条件下,通过批次实验研究了希瓦氏菌MR-1还原溶解负载Cr黄钾铁矾过程中二次矿物的形成和Cr污染物的迁移转化特性.结果表明,希瓦氏菌能够促进黄钾铁矾的还原溶解.Cr负载能够增强黄钾铁矾的稳定性,抑制矿物的溶解转化.在不含Cr实验组,黄钾铁矾相转变产物为蓝铁矿和针铁矿;而在负载Cr实验组,二次矿物仅为蓝铁矿.在希瓦氏菌还原溶解负载Cr黄钾铁矾的过程中,矿物中有少量的Cr溶出,进入水体,随后又被吸附于新形成的二次矿物中.矿物中的Cr由原来的残渣态转化为不定型铁结合态,固相中Cr释放的风险增大.XPS检测结果表明,矿物表面的Cr（Ⅵ）被还原为Cr（Ⅲ）,Cr的毒性降低.研究结果对进一步理解酸性矿山废水中Fe、S和Cr的地球化学循环过程有重要意义.     

悬挂链曝气工艺应用于中小城镇污水治理

通过对悬挂链曝气工艺特点和应用情况的分析,总结了针对中小城镇污水处理厂的设计与建设经验。结合我国国情,提出悬挂链曝气工艺为中小城镇污水处理厂的建设提供了一个良好的选择。     

THE STATE OF LOUISIANA SUPERPORT AUTHORITY ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION PLAN – OIL AND OYSTERS1

ABSTRACT: The State of Louisiana created in 1972 the Deep Draft Harbor and Terminal Authority (commonly called Superport Authority) to plan, promote, and develop a deepwater (crude oil) terminal off the coast of Louisiana, and empowered it to establish an Authority development program to promote the economic and social welfare of its citizens. Simultaneously, the Authority was also charged with developing an environmental protection plan to preserve the environmental values of Louisiana's unique coastal marshland while permitting beneficial industrial and economic development. Consequently, in January 1974, an Environmental Protection Plan was promulgated, consisting of a series of regulations, design standards, and operating procedures aimed specifically at protecting the fragile estuarine environment of coastal Louisiana during the construction and ultimate operation of the superport. The paper describes the development of the Superport Authority's Environmental Protection Plan and the current status of the superport project.     

新建铁路站区对城市环境噪声影响特征及预测研究

在铁路车站噪声影响中,车站影响区域产生的次生噪声相对于站中心的原生噪声,是城区噪声污染的主要因素。根据不同规模车站区对周边社会及人文景观的影响程度,划分出站区噪声监测范围。通过监测对比分析,发现站中心噪声与车站规模具有显著的正相关关系,而车站影响区噪声值在中小规模车站中,二者有一定的正相关关系,但当车站发展到一定大规模后,影响区内的噪声反而略有下降并趋于平稳。通过分析认为,大规模车站的建立有利于促进周边城市更合理地规划布局。根据车站布局与兴建对城市环境噪声影响的关系,以及站区噪声源变化特点,建立了不同车站规模站区的噪声值预测模型,其预测结果为新建铁路路站在城市中的规划布局,提供了实用的参考依据及有价值的建议。     

ON THE MISMATCH BETWEEN DATA AND MODELS OF HYDROLOGIC AND WATER RESOURCE SYSTEMS1

ABSTRACT: Many difficulties exist in the matching of models with data. This paper identifies elements of this problem and discusses considerations involved in model evaluation. The well known multivariate linear regression model is used to illustrate the distinctions between accuracy and precision and between estimation and prediction (because the model is commonly misused.) No amount of additional data will improve the accuracy of a poor model. A high R², while indicative of a good matching between the observed data and model estimates, is a poor criterion for judging adequacy of the model to make good predictions of future events. Model evaluation also includes the problem of introducing secondary data and proxy variables into a model. Secondary data frequently enter, for example, the mass, energy and water budget equations because of difficulties in measuring the primary variables. Proxy variables arise because of a desire to collapse a vector of incomparable values, say, of water quality into a single number. Review of the above issues indicates that model evaluation is a multi-criterion problem, often imbedded in a larger framework where models are intended to meet multiple objectives. The mismatch of models and data has increasing legal and social consequences.     

The Precautionary Principle: Scientific Uncertainty and Omitted Research in the Context of GMO Use and Release

Commercialization of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have sparked profound controversies concerning adequate approaches to risk regulation. Scientific uncertainty and ambiguity, omitted research areas, and lack of basic knowledge crucial to risk assessmentshave become apparent. The objective of this article is to discuss the policy and practical implementation of the Precautionary Principle. A major conclusion is that the void in scientific understanding concerning risks posed by secondary effects and the complexity ofcause-effect relations warrant further research. Initiatives to approach the acceptance or rejection of a number of risk-associated hypotheses is badly needed. Further, since scientific advice plays a key role in GMOregulations, scientists have a responsibility to address and communicate uncertainty to policy makers and the public. Hence, the acceptance of uncertainty is not only a scientific issue, but is related to public policy and involves an ethical dimension.     

寒区湿地软土固结变形特性试验研究

软土的成因不同,其工程性质存在着一定的差异,路基的固结沉降也不一样。为了研究寒区湿地软土固结变形特性,弄清其固结和次固结系数变化规律,对两类软土进行了单向固结压缩试验。试验结果表明,软土在不同的固结压力作用下,其孔隙比-时间对数曲线展布特征有较大的不同,说明固结压力对寒区湿地软土的主、次固结的划分有影响;寒区湿地软土主固结系数随固结压力的增大而减小,次固结系数随固结压力的增大而增大,最后两者都趋于稳定。